REASONS FOR FAILURES OF SURGICAL TREATMENT OF WOMEN WITH URINARY INCONTINENCE

Аnalysis of literature sources devoted to synthetic sling operations shows that it is not possible to achieve 100% of the result. In addition, the catamnestic effectiveness of surgical correction has been steadily decreasing over the years and after a few years is estimated at about 70%, regardless of the type of intervention, the method of implantation and the properties of the synthetic material used for loop plastic surgery. At the same time, there are a number of works whose results contradict the generally accepted mechanistic point of view about the effects resulting from the implantation of the tape. At the same time, consideration of the problem from the standpoint of the neurophysiological model of the neuroregulatory theory eliminates contradictions and makes it possible to explain the restoration of urine retention after surgery due to the activation of the urethro-sphincter protective reflex. The same approach provides a logical explanation for failures when performing a synthetic sling operation.

Eustress and Distress Analysis Based on Neuro-Physiological Model of Affect

Researchers have focused on the negative effects of stress while its benefits have been relatively ignored. There has been limited studies to quantitatively understand the positive impact of stress. Although most of the studies were carried out by psychologist, in general, stress can be characterized by negative valence from the perspective of the affective state model (ASM). In fact, most recent psychological findings show that positive stress, also known as eustress, can improve motivation factor of an individual. In this paper we propose the use of electroencephalography (EEG) device to capture the brain's electrical activity in the frontal and central areas, in identifying positive (eustress) and negative (distress) stress. The distinctive brainwave patterns from the EEG device can be used to extract emotion/mood information of an individual and can be used to corelate the differing stress. The neurophysiological Model of affect (NPMoA) extracts the valence (V) and arousal (A) from the brainwave signals and corelate then to the psychological instruments for extracting eustress and distress. The Student Academic Stress Scale (SASS) will be used as the psychological instruments to extract eustress and distress. Preliminary results show the ability of using the EEG device to extract the brainwave pattern and to use in detecting stress based on the valence and arousal of the emotion. It is expected that NPMoA should be able to reveal correlation between positive emotions and eustress through the V and A. Such understanding can be extended to further analyze different stressors for academic stress and their effects on the brain signals.

Mechano-neurophysiological model of the fingertip for spatiotemporal firing pattern prediction of SA1 mechanoreceptors during embossed letter scanning

Numerical simulation can be used to observe spatiotemporal firing responses of tactile receptors during dynamic tactile exploration, and it provides a more understanding of the mechanism of tactile perception. In this study, we developed an improved mechano-neurophysiological model of the fingertip that employs a realistic fingertip structure and accurate contact mechanics while scanning embossed letters. To confirm the potential of the model, we simulated the spatiotemporal firing patterns of slowly adapting type-1 (SA1) mechanoreceptors while scanning the embossed letter “G” and compared the simulation result with the existing experimental data in neurophysiology. Although the experimental data were reconstructed from a single nerve fiber, the simulation simultaneously observed the responses of multiple SA1 receptors, which resulted in a more obscure “G” spatiotemporal firing pattern than that in the previous experiment. This result supports existing data from another psychophysical experiment that demonstrates that it is harder to recognize embossed letter “G” accurately during letter scanning. This finding suggests that the spatiotemporal firing pattern from multiple SA1 receptors may show an obscure “G” pattern while scanning the embossed letter “G”.

Melancholia and the New Biological Psychiatry

This chapter centres on the development of a neurophysiological model of melancholia, which emerged within the new academic psychiatry in the German states at mid-century, and was taken up into British literature in the 1860s and 70s. It considers Wilhem Griesinger’s model of psychological reflex action, which he used to explain the aetiology of mental disorders. Building on Griesinger’s model, Richard von Krafft-Ebing in Germany and Henry Maudsley in Britain offered two of the period’s most comprehensive descriptions of melancholia as a modern biomedical mood disorder. Finally the new neurophysiological model of melancholia is considered in relation to neurasthenia, a fashionable diagnosis in the United States in the last quarter of the century.

Multivariate model for cooperation: bridging social physiological compliance and hyperscanning

The neurophysiological analysis of cooperation has evolved over the past 20 years, moving towards the research of common patterns in neurophysiological signals of people interacting. Social physiological compliance (SPC) and hyperscanning represent two frameworks for the joint analysis of autonomic and brain signals, respectively. Each of the two approaches allows to know about a single layer of cooperation according to the nature of these signals: SPC provides information mainly related to emotions, and hyperscanning that related to cognitive aspects. In this work, after the analysis of the state of the art of SPC and hyperscanning, we explored the possibility to unify the two approaches creating a complete neurophysiological model for cooperation considering both affective and cognitive mechanisms We synchronously recorded electrodermal activity, cardiac and brain signals of 14 cooperative dyads. Time series from these signals were extracted, and multivariate Granger causality was computed. The results showed that only when subjects in a dyad cooperate there is a statistically significant causality between the multivariate variables representing each subject. Moreover, the entity of this statistical relationship correlates with the dyad’s performance. Finally, given the novelty of this approach and its exploratory nature, we provided its strengths and limitations.

Potential Mechanisms of the Alexander Technique: Toward a Comprehensive Neurophysiological Model

The Alexander technique (AT) has been practiced for over 125 years. Despite evidence of its clinical utility, a clear explanation of how AT works is lacking, as the foundational science needed to test the underlying ideas has only recently become available. The authors propose that the core changes brought about by Alexander training are improvements in the adaptivity and distribution of postural tone, along with changes in body schema, and that these changes underlie many of the reported benefits. They suggest that AT alters tone and body schema via spatial attention and executive processes, which in turn affect low-level motor elements. To engage these pathways, AT strategically engages attention, intention, and inhibition, along with haptic communication. The uniqueness of the approach comes from the way these elements are woven together. Evidence for the contribution of these elements is discussed, drawing on direct studies of AT and other relevant modern scientific literature.

A neurophysiological model of tinnitus

This chapter discusses Jastreboff and Hazell’s 1993 paper on a neurophysiological model of tinnitus including the design of the study (outcome measures, results, conclusions, and a critique).