AGRESIVITAS PELAPORAN KEUANGAN DAN PENGHINDARAN PAJAK

Identification of tax avoidance is one of the substantial issues for tax authorities. Success in this stage ensure optimal tax compliance. To do that, financial statements become the object of critical analysis. This study seeks to identify the effect of financial statements (aggressive) on tax avoidance. The mineral and coal mining sector is chosen as the sample because it is one of the business sectors with a fairly high level of tax avoidance. There are 26 companies on the IDX that are the samples of this study. By regressing fixed effect panel data in the form of financial reports for 2012-2018, the results show that aggressive financial reporting has a positive effect on tax avoidance. With a confidence level of 99%, every 1% increase in the level of aggressiveness of financial reporting equivalent to an increase in tax avoidance efforts of 4.6%. For tax authorities, these findings can be used to assess the risk of non-compliance by taxpayers.

The Attenuating Effect of Intelligent Agents and Agent Autonomy on Managers' Ability to Diffuse Responsibility for and Engage in Earnings Management

SYNOPSIS Advances in IT suggest that computerized intelligent agents (IAs) may soon occupy many roles that presently employ human agents. A significant concern is the ethical conduct of those who use IAs, including their possible utilization by managers to engage in earnings management. We investigate how financial reporting decisions are affected when they are supported by the work of an IA versus a human agent, with varying autonomy. In an experiment with experienced managers, we vary agent type (human versus IA) and autonomy (more versus less), finding that managers engage in less aggressive financial reporting decisions with IAs than with human agents, and engage in less aggressive reporting decisions with less autonomous agents than with more autonomous agents. Managers' perception of control over their agent and ability to diffuse their own responsibility for financial reporting decisions explain the effect of agent type and autonomy on managers' financial reporting decisions.

Does the Presence of a General Counsel in Top Management Affect Audit Effort and Audit Outcomes?

SYNOPSIS This study examines whether the presence of a general counsel (GC) in top management affects audit effort and audit outcomes. Hopkins, Maydew, and Venkatachalam (2015) find that firms with GCs in top management have lower financial reporting quality and tolerate more aggressive financial reporting practices, which likely influences audit risk. Given the GCs' influence on the financial reporting process, we posit that auditors of firms with GCs in top management increase the amount of effort they expend to provide reasonable assurance that financial statements are stated fairly. We find that the presence of GCs in firms' top management is positively associated with audit effort but does not directly affect the likelihood that these firms will receive unqualified audit opinions that contain explanatory language. Our findings suggest that GCs influence the external audit market by participating in the financial reporting process. JEL Classifications: M42. Data Availability: Data are available from the public sources cited in the text.

The Effects of Client Status and the Auditor's Presentation of Multiple Estimation Alternatives on Client Financial Reporting Aggressiveness

ABSTRACT Accounting estimates are highly subjective and multiple estimation alternatives often exist for a single account. When addressing audit-related adjustments with clients, auditors must decide whether to discuss all possible estimation alternatives or approach the client with only a single, auditor-preferred estimation alternative. In an experiment with experienced CFOs and controllers, we find clients with relatively higher status (operationalized as those with a CPA license) take more aggressive financial reporting positions when the auditor approaches the client with multiple adjustment options based on various estimation alternatives. Our study provides the first evidence that client status is a significant factor in auditor-client negotiations. We also demonstrate how auditors' approach to client negotiations involving multiple allowable estimation alternatives can influence audit quality.

Financial reporting incentives: Taxation and external financing need

Earnings management literature extensively explores tax regime and debt contracting as possible incentives in financial reporting. Firms engage with aggressive financial reporting to bias earnings in periods when the need for external financing increases. Contrary to this, the tax burden represents incentive for more conservative reporting. We argue that the level of firm's financial reporting aggressiveness is not constant but rather floating from period to period, directly affecting the quality of financial reports. We assume that firm's management on its own discretion determines the level of conservatism, balancing between these two incentives. The prevailing of two incentives, the need for external financing and the tax burden, determines the level of conservatism in particular reporting period. We hypothesised that the reduction in tax burden incentive overcomes the debt contracting incentive in the years of decreasing external financing need, implying more conservative accounting to balance between economic and taxable income. The total accruals are used as a measure of earnings management reflected to working capital accruals. The data analysis conducted on financial reports of 297 firms in the time-series of five years shows a significant correlation between total accruals, external financing needs and difference between economic and taxable income.

The Influence Of Aggressive Financial Reporting Of The Company Toward Aggressive Tax Reporting In Agricultural Companies

This study aims to determine the influence of aggressive financial reporting, ROA, DAR, and Size OF The Company toward Aggressive Tax Reporting (ATR) in agricultural companies listed in Daftar Efek Syariah (DES) during period 2013-2016. The sampling method is purposive sampling. The data analyzed using multiple regression for dated panel with significance level 5% (0,05). The choosing model test showed that model used in this study is the Fixed Effect Model (FEM). Simultaneously all independent variables from model had significant influence toward dependent variable (ATR). Partially aggressive financial reporting, ROA, and DAR that had significance influence toward ETR, while variable size had unsignificant influence. The research also showed that there is trade off between aggressive financial reporting and aggressive tax reporting.