Review on Conservation of Water by Water Audit

Water is used almost in every sector, growth in population and increase in the standard of living of people so demand is increased. Water is used by all the living creatures found in the world but a very small portion of water is available for drinking and other purposes. This available usable water is mismanaged by human beings, for this mismanagement of water introducing a tool by IWA/AWWA is water-audit. Water-audit is used for reducing water-losses, leakages and gives the information of water used by consumers. Environment audit carried out in stages, water audit also consists of many stages. In this review paper, case studies are highlighted, which gives the general methodology adopted for auditing. Water balance sheet is very useful for understanding the types of losses and type of water used in particular DMA (District Metered Area). Due to the loss of water Non-revenue water is increased, for reducing losses requires huge investments.

Analysis of MNF and FAVAD Models for Leakage Characterization by Exploiting Smart-Metered Data: The Case of the Gorino Ferrarese (FE-Italy) District

Leakages in water distribution systems have great economic and environmental impacts and are a major issue for water utilities. In this work, the water balance and the Minimum Night Flow (MNF) method for evaluating the amount of water loss, as well as the power and Fixed and Variable Area Discharge (FAVAD) equations for analyzing the relationship between leakage and pressure, were applied to a fully monitored District Metered Area (DMA) located in Gorino Ferrarese (FE, Italy). Time series of (a) the water consumption of each user, (b) the DMA inflow, and (c) the pressure at the DMA inlet point were monitored with a 5 min time step. The results of an analysis carried out by exploiting the collected time series highlighted that: (a) The application of the MNF method based on literature values can lead to significant inaccuracies in the presence of users with irregular consumption, and (b) the estimation of the parameters of the power and FAVAD equations is highly affected by the amounts and types of observed data used.

PEMETAAN PRIORITAS LOKASI DISTRICT METERED AREA (DMA) DENGAN PENENTUAN POTENSI NON REVENUE WATER (NRW) DENGAN GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS)

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui prioritas lokasi dari beberapa rencana District Metered Area (DMA) untuk penurunan Non Revenue Water (NRW) pada salah satu zona Sistem Penyediaan Air Minum (SPAM) Jawa Gadut, Pauh, Kota Padang. Dari 5 (lima) lokasi Rencana DMA dalam zona SPAM dipilih dari data yang sudah lengkap yakni pada DMA 01 dan DMA 02. Penelitian menawarkan metode yang aplikatif dan dapat diterapkan ke lokasi lain. Prioritas lokasi DMA didasarkan pada tingkat potensi NRW komponen kehilangan air fisik dan non fisik dari faktor dan subfaktor penyebab yang sudah diinput kedalam attribut spasialnya. Dengan menggunakan Weighted Sum Method (WSM) dan dipetakan melalui Geographical Information System (GIS) diperoleh hasil komponen kehilangan air fisik pada kelas potensi NRW tinggi, sedang dan rendah berurutan pada DMA 01 adalah 81%, 19%, 0% dan pada DMA 02 adalah 60,5%, 0,1%, 39,4%. Potensi NRW komponen kehilangan air non fisik pada kelas potensi NRW tinggi, sedang dan rendah berturut-turut pada DMA 01 adalah 5,6%, 76,3%, 18,1% dan pada DMA 02 adalah 0,6 % dan 74,8 %, 24,6%. Terlihat bahwa metode berhasil untuk mengetahui lokasi DMA yang prioritas dan mengetahui potensi NRW kehilangan air fisik lebih tinggi dibandingkan potensi kehilangan air non fisik. Kata Kunci: District metered area (DMA), geographical information system (GIS), non revenue water (NRW), SPAM jawa gadut, weighted sum method (WSM). This study aims to determine the location priority of several District Metered Area (DMA) plans to reduce Non-Revenue Water (NRW) in one of the zones for the Java Gadut drinking water supply system (SPAM), Pauh, Padang City. From the 5 (five) locations of the DMA Plan in the SPAM zone were selected from complete data, namely DMA 01 and DMA 02. The research offers an applicable method that can be applied to other locations. DMA location priority is based on the level of potential NRW components of physical and non-physical water loss from the causative factors and subfactors that have been inputted into their spatial attributes. By using the Weighted Sum Method (WSM) and mapped through Geographical Information System (GIS), the results of the physical water loss components in the high, medium and low potential NRW classes in DMA 01 were 81%, 19%, 0% and at DMA 02 were 60.5%, 0.1%, 39.4%. The NRW potential of non-physical water loss components in the high, medium and low NRW potential classes at DMA 01 were 5.6%, 76.3%, 18.1%, and at DMA 02, 0.6% and 74.8, respectively. %, 24.6%. It appears that the method is successful in determining the priority DMA location and knowing the potential NRW for physical water loss is higher than the potential for non-physical water loss. Keywords: District metered area (DMA), geographical information system (GIS), non revenue water (NRW), SPAM jawa gadut, weighted sum method (WSM)

Minimum Night Flow Analysis and Application of the Fixed and Variable Area Discharges Model for Characterizing Leakage in the Gorino Ferrarese (FE-Italy) District

Leakage in water distribution systems is an important issue and of major interest for water utilities. In this study, the Minimum Night Flow (MNF) method to quantify the amount of water lost and the equations representing the relationship between pressure and leakage in power and FAVAD (Fixed and Variable Area Discharge) forms were applied to a District Metered Area (DMA) located in Gorino Ferrarese (FE, Italy) equipped with smart meters. The analysis carried out by exploiting the collected time series of user water consumption, DMA inflow, and pressure highlighted that: (a) the MNF method can lead to significant inaccuracy in leakage estimation in the presence of users with irregular consumptions, when based on literature values, and (b) the estimation of the parameters of the power and FAVAD equation is highly affected by the number and types of observed data used.

Real benefits of leak repair and increasing the number of inlets to energy

Two real cases of energy audit were investigated in a district metered area (DMA) of the Metropolitan Waterworks Authority in Bangkok, Thailand. The first case was energy audits before and after leaks were repaired. The repairs resulted in a 9% reduction of inflow to the DMA. We estimated that the input energy to the DMA reduced 8% while the energy in water delivered to customers increased 8%. Thus, two benefits of reducing leakage to energy were found. In the second case, we temporarily opened a boundary valve connecting to the trunk main to function as another inlet to the DMA, so the number of inlets increased to two. The new inlet was nearer to main distribution pipes that delivered water to more customers than the first one. Thus, the inflow from the old inlet decreased to only 10% of the total inflow. The estimated input energy increased slightly by 4% because the inflow and leakage did not reduce, but the energy delivered to customers increased greatly (16%) due to a significant decrease in friction loss. Thus, reducing leakage and selecting the right hydraulic locations of inlets can benefit energy efficiency in DMAs substantially.