Mass action model of solution activity via speciation by solvation and ion pairing equilibria

Solutes and their concentrations influence many natural and anthropogenic solution processes. Electrolyte and solution models are used to quantify and predict such behavior. Here we present a mechanistic solution model based on mass action equilibria. Solvation and ion pairing are used to model speciated solute and solvent concentrations such that they correlate to a solution’s vapor pressure (solvent activity) according to Raoult’s law from dilute conditions to saturation. This model introduces a hydration equilibrium constant (Kha) that is used with either an ion dissociation constant (Kid) or a hydration modifier (m) with an experimentally determined ion dissociation constant, as adjustable parameters to fit vapor–liquid equilibrium data. The modeled solvation equilibria are accompanied by molecular dynamics (MD) studies that support a decline in the observed degree of solvation with increased concentration. MD calculations indicate this finding is a combination of a solvent that solvates multiple solutes, and changes in a solute’s solvation sphere, with the dominant factor changing with concentration. This speciation-based solution model is lateral to established electrostatics-based electrolyte theories. With its basis in mass action, the model can directly relate experimental data to the modeled solute and solvent speciated concentrations and structures.

3D Seismic Traveltime Tomography of the Central South Island, New Zealand

<p>The three-dimensional (3D) evolution of the Australian-Pacifi c late boundary in the central South Island of New Zealand is investigated by analysing seismic data from the South Island GeopHysical Transect (SIGHT) project and by using a novel 3D tomography inversion method, FMTOMO. A 380 km-long, 350 km-wide and 56 km-deep 3D tomography image of the P-wave velocity structure and interface geometry of the crust and upper-mantle is constructed by inverting for 164,048 traveltime picks. The picks are both coincident (in-line) and oblique (cross-line) to the survey geometry. The traveltime picks and station elevations were static corrected and reduced to basement level, respectively, to eliminate the highly variable sedimentary component of the inversion process. Synthetic testing of the model space was carried out to help the interpretation of the solution model features. Some model features are consistent with previous results. Usual crustal velocities (5.5 km/s close to the surface and 6.3 km/s at the bottom of the crust) are found at distal ends of the collision zone. Lower velocities (5.7 km/s) intrude the mid-crust of the Australian plate to depths of about 20 km, which is consistent with the downward flexure of the Australian plate. A low velocity zone (5.9 - 6.1 km/s) is situated to the southeast of the Alpine fault, which is consistent with the Alpine fault low velocity zone. Furthermore, a high-velocity body (6.3 km/s) is observed in the top 10 km of the upper-crust immediately above the thickened crust between the west coast of the South Island and the Main Divide of the Southern Alps. This body is interpreted as a drier, more rigid body of schist. A zone of low velocity (5.8 km/s reaching 8 km depth) is observed immediately to the southeast of the aforementioned high velocity body. The feature is interpreted as a back-shearing faulting structure through which fluid escape towards the surface. A flexural analysis of an apparent flexure profile of the Australian Plate along SIGHT line 01 yielded a flexural parameter, a, of 89 km, an elastic thickness, Te, of 14 km and a flexural rigidity, D, of 1.5 : 10^(23) N.m. These results are consistent with results of a flexural analysis of SIGHT line 02W [Harrison 1999]. The following features are derived from the solution model. An apparent gradient in uppermantle anisotropy is observed with seismic velocities increasing towards the south of the model. Also, the geometry of the Mohorovicic discontinuity is apparently smooth between the two main SIGHT transects. The tomography method used in this project proves to be complementary to other coarser-scale and finer-scale seismic studies of the region in that it brings out features that were not seen by them. Notwithstanding that the interface inversion process remains to be perfected in the software, the velocity inversion produced a satisfactory solution model.</p>

3D Seismic Traveltime Tomography of the Central South Island, New Zealand

<p>The three-dimensional (3D) evolution of the Australian-Pacifi c late boundary in the central South Island of New Zealand is investigated by analysing seismic data from the South Island GeopHysical Transect (SIGHT) project and by using a novel 3D tomography inversion method, FMTOMO. A 380 km-long, 350 km-wide and 56 km-deep 3D tomography image of the P-wave velocity structure and interface geometry of the crust and upper-mantle is constructed by inverting for 164,048 traveltime picks. The picks are both coincident (in-line) and oblique (cross-line) to the survey geometry. The traveltime picks and station elevations were static corrected and reduced to basement level, respectively, to eliminate the highly variable sedimentary component of the inversion process. Synthetic testing of the model space was carried out to help the interpretation of the solution model features. Some model features are consistent with previous results. Usual crustal velocities (5.5 km/s close to the surface and 6.3 km/s at the bottom of the crust) are found at distal ends of the collision zone. Lower velocities (5.7 km/s) intrude the mid-crust of the Australian plate to depths of about 20 km, which is consistent with the downward flexure of the Australian plate. A low velocity zone (5.9 - 6.1 km/s) is situated to the southeast of the Alpine fault, which is consistent with the Alpine fault low velocity zone. Furthermore, a high-velocity body (6.3 km/s) is observed in the top 10 km of the upper-crust immediately above the thickened crust between the west coast of the South Island and the Main Divide of the Southern Alps. This body is interpreted as a drier, more rigid body of schist. A zone of low velocity (5.8 km/s reaching 8 km depth) is observed immediately to the southeast of the aforementioned high velocity body. The feature is interpreted as a back-shearing faulting structure through which fluid escape towards the surface. A flexural analysis of an apparent flexure profile of the Australian Plate along SIGHT line 01 yielded a flexural parameter, a, of 89 km, an elastic thickness, Te, of 14 km and a flexural rigidity, D, of 1.5 : 10^(23) N.m. These results are consistent with results of a flexural analysis of SIGHT line 02W [Harrison 1999]. The following features are derived from the solution model. An apparent gradient in uppermantle anisotropy is observed with seismic velocities increasing towards the south of the model. Also, the geometry of the Mohorovicic discontinuity is apparently smooth between the two main SIGHT transects. The tomography method used in this project proves to be complementary to other coarser-scale and finer-scale seismic studies of the region in that it brings out features that were not seen by them. Notwithstanding that the interface inversion process remains to be perfected in the software, the velocity inversion produced a satisfactory solution model.</p>

Integrated solution model to support competitiveness and relevance of vocational education in the era of technological disruption

The aspect of relevance becomes an indicator of the success of vocational education. In order for vocational school graduates to be able to compete in the era of technological disruption, Vocational Schools are required to be able to produce graduates who have the alignment of competencies possessed by each graduate with the competencies needed in the world of work. To achieve the relevance of vocational education, the development of an integrated solution model for the preparation of vocational education graduates needs to be based on the need for ICT-assisted career services. In this study, survey design was used to examine the mapping of student/graduate needs, career service managers, and graduate users and development design to design an integrated solution model for the preparation of vocational education graduates. The results of mapping the needs of students/graduates, career service managers, and users are used as the basis for developing an integrated solution model for preparing vocational education graduates. It is hoped that this model can be used to optimize career services for students and vocational school graduates in Indonesia in the era of technological disruption.

On Otherness: An Analysis in the Context of Ibn Sına’s Theory of Relation

The mode of existence of relatives has been a matter of debate throughout the history of thought. Having evaluated the debate through the contrast between a first intelligible that has individuals in the external world and a second intelligible that has no counterpart at the individual level in the external world, Ibn Sīnā believed the relative to be a categorical accident with individuals that can be pointed at in the external world. In the Metaphysics of al-Shifā, Ibn Sīnā proposed a solution aimed at eliminating the objections based on the infinite regress against his view. The article tests the applicability of the model built in this solution to the meaning of otherness (al-mughāyara), the results of which reveal the incompatibility of otherness with this model as a problem. When examining the source of this problem, the following findings are noted: The categorical relative (al-muḍāf) and pure relation (iḍāfa) are not the same thing. Pure relation is a general concept upon which the categorical relative is based and to which it cannot be reduced, because the predicate of oneness (wahda) becomes valid for multiplicity (kathra) through pure relation. Otherness is a general predicate that is inherent in and coextensive with pure relation; in this way, otherness is included in the most general class of concepts that explain the order in the existence of all existents including the categorical relative. As Ibn Sīnā’s solution model in Metaphysics aims to explain the result of pure relation in essences, it cannot be applied to pure relation phases that prioritize results and transcend categories and thus cannot be applied to otherness.

Intello Labs: Non-Destructive Digital Commodity Grading

This case illustrates Intello Labs, a leading agri-tech company, operating out of Gurgaon. As an agri-tech company, Intello Labs is trying to create an artificial intelligence (AI)-based solution model for its clients. The case dives deep into the issues of degrading farm productivity being faced by Kerala Cardamom Processing and Marketing Company (KCPMC), a client of Intello Labs. The case stands out as a means for understanding the application of the AI-based solutions being offered by Intello Labs to solve the degrading farm productivity issue of KCPMC. It addresses the concerns of the current agricultural-based businesses which mostly depend on manual commodity grading.