Multilevel research of migration with a focus on internal migration

In the research of migration, we can encounter the application of multidisciplinary approaches with the use of knowledge from existing theories, which implies the need for statistical reporting. It is not always easy to determine who a migrant is, and studies exploring migration can be dividing up according to many criteria. Contemporary literature contains a whole score of studies dealing with migration, its determinants and impacts on the economy, etc. However, there are very few studies dealing primarily with regional (i.e. internal) migration in comparison to the number of studies analyzing international migration. The goal of this study is to point out problems in reporting migration and to propose a strategy to analyze migration based on multilevel research of migration while making this strategy applicable to internal migration.

Status conflict in family firms: a multilevel conceptual model

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to integrate status conflict, as a relatively recent and unexplored phenomenon, to the family business literature.Design/methodology/approachThe authors follow multilevel theory building to develop a multilevel conceptual model of status conflict in family firms (FFs).FindingsThe authors identify the main antecedents, processes and consequences of status conflict at three levels of analysis (individual, family and firm) unique to FFs. Seventeen theoretical propositions at three levels of analysis are presented.Originality/valueThe authors address the need for multilevel research for organisations and multilevel status research, contribute to the under-researched theory of conflicts in FFs and show that the conflict literature, which has predominantly focussed on the individual- and group-level factors, can borrow from the family business literature, which has primarily been oriented to the group- and firm-level factors.

Responsible Management Education in Time of Crisis: A Conceptual Framework for Public Business Schools in Egypt and Similar Middle Eastern Context

Recent studies show that the adoption of RME scenarios is still a matter of concern for non-western countries ((Mousa et al., Journal of Management Development 38:681–696, 2019), 2021a, 2021b). In this paper, we theoretically propose the potential direction of RME scenarios that business schools in Egypt and other similar cultural context to implement through articulating the main antecedents of RME before and after Covid-19. we used the method of multilevel research by combining different theoretical approaches. As an outcome of our analysis, we developed five propositions which form the main antecedents of RME in Egypt and similar regional Middle East business schools before and after Covid-19.

The Role of Daily Affect in Leader-Member Exchange: A Multilevel Investigation in Public Health Administration

Background and purpose: Although the critical role of affect in the leader-member relationship has been widely accepted, few studies investigated the impact of within-person affect variations in daily leader-member exchange (LMX) or addressed potential cross-level and intra-individual moderators of this relationship. This study examines the effects of followers’ positive and negative affect on their daily LMX in public health care organizations. The moderator roles of emotional labor and trait emotional intelligence were also investigated. Methodology: A multilevel research design was conducted where daily measures were nested in individuals. Seventy participants working in a government health organization operating in Istanbul responded to daily surveys for five consecutive workdays (350 day-level responses) and a general survey one week after the daily data collection period (70 person-level responses). Hypotheses were tested using Hierarchical Linear Modeling (HLM). Results: Both positive affect and negative affect were positively related with LMX (day-level), but negative affect had a negative association with LMX on the inter-personal level (when daily scores were averaged across days). Although trait emotional intelligence showed a positive cross-level effect, none of the proposed moderations was significant. Conclusion: The role of affect in LMX development is critical and has a complex structure. Findings emphasize the importance of multilevel research for understanding the affect-LMX relationship as they demonstrate different pictures in day-level and person-level analysis.

Assessing Variations in Juvenile Court Processing in Urban Versus Rural Courts: Revisiting “Justice by Geography”

Drawing on Feld’s (1991) “justice by geography” thesis, we examined whether juvenile court outcomes and case-level influences on those outcomes varied across urban and rural courts. Using a sample of 60,068 juvenile referrals across 66 counties in one state, we estimated direct effects of urbanism on detention, petition, adjudication, and judicial placement, as well as cross-level interactions between urbanism and several case-level factors for each outcome. We found limited support for the hypotheses. First, findings indicated that odds of detention were significantly greater in more urban courts, but indicated no differences in other outcomes. Second, findings also indicated greater extralegal differences (race, sex, and age) in more urban courts—contrary to hypotheses. Taken together, findings highlight the localized yet complex nature of juvenile justice processing and emphasize the need for additional multilevel research assessing the role of other contextual factors as potential sources of variation across macrosocial units.

Interrater Agreement and Interrater Reliability: Implications for Multilevel Research

Statistics used to index interrater similarity are prevalent in many areas of the social sciences, with multilevel research being one of the most common domains for estimating interrater similarity. Multilevel research spans multiple hierarchical levels, such as individuals, teams, departments, and the organization. There are three main research questions that multilevel researchers answer using indices of interrater agreement and interrater reliability: (a) Does the nesting of lower-level units (e.g., employees) within higher-level units (e.g., work teams) result in the non-independence of residuals, which is an assumption of the general linear model?; (b) Is there sufficient agreement between scores on measures collected from lower-level units (e.g., employees perceptions of customer service climate) to justify aggregating data to the higher-level (e.g., team-level climate)?; and (c) Following data aggregation, how effective are the higher-level unit means at distinguishing between those higher levels (e.g., how reliably do team climate scores distinguish between the teams)? Interrater agreement and interrater reliability refer to the extent to which lower-level data nested or clustered within a higher-level unit are similar to one another. While closely related, interrater agreement and reliability differ from one another in how similarity is defined. Interrater reliability is the relative consistency in lower-level data. For example, to what degree do the scores assigned by raters tend to correlate with one another? Alternatively, interrater agreement is the consensus of the lower-level data points. For example, estimates of interrater agreement are used to determine the extent to which ratings made by judges/observers could be considered interchangeable or equivalent in terms of their values. Thus, while interrater agreement and reliability both estimate the similarity of ratings by judges/observers, but they define interrater similarity in slightly different ways, and these statistics are suited to address different types of research questions. The first research question that these statistics address, the issue of non-independence, is typically measured using an interclass correlation statistic that is a function of both interrater reliability and agreement. However, in the context of non-independence, the intraclass correlation is most often interpreted as an effect size. The second multilevel research question, concerning adequate agreement to aggregate lower-level data to a higher level, would require a measure on interrater agreement, as the research is looking for consensus among raters. Finally, the third multilevel research question, concerning the reliability of higher-level means, not only requires a different variation of the intraclass correlation, but is also a function of both interrater reliability and agreement. Multilevel research requires researchers to appropriately apply interrater agreement and/or reliability statistics to their data, as well as follow best practices for calculating and interpreting these statistics.