Potential of Intercropping of Oil Palm (E. guineensis Jacq.) and Liberica Coffee (C. liberica L.): A Case Study in Smallholder Plantation

Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) has become the main plantation commodity in Indonesia. Climate change phenomena and competitiveness fluctuation of palm oil commodities have led to increased need for optimized land productivity while maintaining sustainability. This research aimed to study the potential of oil palm intercropping with liberica coffee (Coffea liberica L.) in several smallholder oil palm plantations in Riau Province, Sumatera Island, Indonesia. Measurements in the middle of the non-harvesting path of oil palm showed the age of oil palm is directly proportional to the difference between air and soil temperature and relative humidity under canopy. Oil palm roots were dominantly distributed vertically in solum 0 - 30 cm and always dominant compared to coffee at all horizontal distances observed. While the dominant root coffee distribution was in solum 31 - 60 cm. Analysis results show the tap roots extend no further than 30-45 cm below the soil surface. It was known that oil palm roots are dominantly distributed at a distance of 2-3 m from the trunk while the coffee roots are dominantly distributed at a distance of 1-2 m from the trunk. Analysis of oil palm yields in the intercropping system showed no significant decrease compared to monocropping systems with relatively the same age and production input. Coffee production per tree has decreased by 25-30% compared to the average production in monocropping systems.

Digested Civet Coffee Beans (Kopi Luwak)—An Unfortunate Trend in Specialty Coffee Caused by Mislabeling of Coffea liberica?

In the context of animal protection, the trend of digested coffees such as Kopi Luwak produced by civet cats in captivity should not be endorsed. Previous studies on such coffees may have been flawed by sample selection and misclassification. As wild civets may prefer Coffea liberica beans, due to their higher sugar content, the chemical differences may be caused by the Coffea species difference combined with a careful selection of ripe, defect-free cherries by the animals, rather than changes caused by digestion. This may also explain the observed differences between Kopi Luwak from wild civets (mainly C. liberica) compared to the one from animals in captivity (typically fed with C. arabica and/or C. canephora).

Optimation of Auxin and Cytokinin on Enhanced Quality and Weight of Coffea liberica Somatic Embryos

Coffea liberica is a variety of coffee that tolerant to marginal land, especially peatlands. One of propagation methods in C. liberica is somatic embryogenesis(SE) which producing large number of true-to-type plant seedlings in a short time. This research aimed at studying the effect of application of plant growthregulator (PGR) on quality and weight of somatic embryo of C. liberica. Somatic embryo in development stage was induced by Murashige and Skoog medium containing cytokinin as benzyl amino purin (BAP) and auxin as 2,4-dichlorophe-noxyacetic acid (2,4-D). While cotyledonary embryo in germination stage was induced by Murashige and Skoog medium containing cytokinin (BAP) and auxins as 2,4-D, indole acetic acid (IAA) and naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). The resultsshowed that the application of auxins and cytokinins on development stage affected the formation of embryos, texture of calli, color of calli and embryos, and weight of somatic embryo. It also influenced the shoot and root formation, color and weight of geminating embryos of C. liberica at the germinating stage. During the development stage, addition of 1 mg/L BAP in the absence of 2,4-D in MS medium produced the highest quality of somatic embryo of C. liberica. This medium also produced heaviest somatic embryos but with lighter callus. While in germination stage, all medium treatments produced a typical germinating embryo. Coffea liberica germinating embryo growth optimally on MS medium containing 0.5 mg/L BAP as a single chemical or 0.5 mg/L BAP in combination with 0.5 mg/L IAA for shooting development. Whereas on rooting development, addition of 0.5 mg/L NAA on MS medium produced an optimal germinating embryo. Moreover, germination embryo of C. liberica recorded the highest in terms of dry weight on MS media with addition of 0.5 mg/L BAP. Application of appropriate concentration of auxin and cytokinin is needed to support the formation of somatic embryo and germinating embryo.

Liberica Coffee (Coffea liberica L.) from Three Different Regions: In Vitro Antioxidant Activities

Free radicals are unstable molecules with unpaired electrons in their outer orbitals. An antioxidant is a compound that can be scavenged free radicals. Coffee is one of the natural antioxidants. This research aimed to study the antioxidant activity of medium roasted beans of liberica coffee (Coffea liberica) from three different regions by DPPH and CUPRAC methods. To determine total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC), analyze the correlation between TPC and TFC with AAI DPPH and CUPRAC and the correlation between two methods in sample extracts. The sample was extracted by reflux using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol. AAI DPPH in the range of 0.397- 18.536, while CUPRAC 0.532-4.674. The highest TPC in ethanol extract of liberica coffee from Aceh (22.585 ± 1.610 g GAE/100 g) and the highest TFC in ethyl acetate extract of liberica coffee from Aceh (4.927 ± 0.355 g QE/100 g). TPC of all samples had a positive and significant correlation with AAI DPPH and CUPRAC. AAI DPPH and CUPRAC value gave a significant and positive correlation. TPC of liberica coffee from three different regions contributed to antioxidant activity by DPPH dan CUPRAC methods. The two methods showed linear results in antioxidant activities of liberica coffee from three regions.

Estimasi Karbon pada Tegakan Kopi di Lahan Agroforestri Desa Pandansari Kecamatan Poncokusumo Kabupaten Malang

The agroforestry system is a solution offered so that the forest area does not decrease due to forest destruction and the environment is able to perform its function, namely as a carbon storage. This study was aimed to determine the potential for carbon stored in coffee stands and abiotic factors in coffee stands on agroforestry land. Samples by purposive sampling stand samples of Coffeaarabica, Coffea canephora, and Coffea liberica as many as 20 trees with a total sample of 60 stands. the abiotic factor was measured at three representative points. Data obtained in the form of dbh (±1,3 m), type of coffee, plant age, wood dencity, abiotic factor data, biomass, and carbon. Data analysis included tree biomass data with the allometric formula Ketterings dry weight = 0.11 ρ D2.62 (2001) and allometric formula Arifin dry weight = 0.281 D2.0635 (2001). Data analysis included carbon biomass = dry weight x 0.47. The results showed that the largest carbon storage was in Coffea liberica, then Coffea canephora and the smallest carbon storage was in Coffeaarabica. abotic factors in coffee agroforestry show soil moisture 18.3%, air humidity 60 - 75%, soil pH 7.3, soil temperature 21 ° C, air temperature 21 - 25 ° C, light intensity 877 lux, and altitude ranges from 906 - 934 m asl.Keywords: allometric, coffee, agroforestry, abiotic factors, carbonABSTRAKSistem agroforestri merupakan solusi yang ditawarkan agar luas hutan tidak semakin berkurang akibat kerusakan hutan dan lingkungan mampu melakukan fungsinya yakni sebagai penyimpan karbon. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui potensi karbon tersimpan pada tegakan kopi dan faktor abiotik pada tegakan kopi di lahan agroforestri. Pemilihan sampel tegakan kopi secara purposive sampling, tiap sampel tegakan Coffea arabica, Coffea canephora, dan Coffea liberica berjumlah 20 pohon dengan jumlah total sampel 60 tegakan. Faktor abiotik diukur pada tiga titik representatif. Data yang diperoleh berupa dbh (±1,3 m), spesies kopi, umur tanaman, berat jenis kayu,data faktor abiotik, biomassa, dan karbon. Analisis data perhitungan biomassa meliputi rumus allometrik Ketterings berat kering = 0,11 ρ D2,62 (2001) dan rumus allometrik Arifin berat kering = 0,281 D2,0635(2001). Analisis data biomassa karbon = berat kering x 0.47. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan simpanan karbon terbesar terdapat pada Coffea liberica, kemudian Coffea canephora dan simpanan karbon paling kecil pada Coffea arabica. faktor abotik di agroforestri kopi menunjukkan kelembaban tanah 18.3%, Kelembaban udara 60 - 75%, pH tanah 7,3, Suhu tanah 21°C, suhu udara 21 - 25°C, intensitas cahaya 877 lux dan ketinggian tempat berkisar 906 – 934 m dpl.Kata kunci: allometrik, kopi, agroforestry, faktor abiotic, karbon

Development and regeneration of somatic embryos from leaves-derived calli of Coffea liberica

Ardiyani F, Utami ESW, Purnobasuki H, Paramita SA. 2020. Development and regeneration of somatic embryos from leaves-derived calli of Coffea liberica. Biodiversitas 21: 5829-5834. Coffea liberica is an important and potentially commercial plant with a high economic value from the Coffea genus. Therefore, the availability of planting material is needed to increase productivity and ensure the sustainability of its farming. Somatic embryogenesis is a powerful propagation method used to produce clonal plants from limited genetic material. In the present research, we have shown that C. liberica could be successfully regenerated in vitro via somatic embryogenesis from leaves derived embryogenic callus. These calli were cultured on Murashige Skoog (MS) medium added with 1 mgL-1 BAP or in combination with 2.4 D (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2 mgL-1) for embryo development induction. Furthermore, the medium containing only BAP was best for embryo development induction after culturing for 12 weeks, with the highest number of cotyledonary stage embryos (17.8%) and producing a total of embryo (20.2). Following cotyledonary stage embryo were cultured on new MS medium containing 0.5 mgL-1 BAP, 0.5 mgL-1 IAA, 0.5 mgL-1 NAA only, and 0.5 mgL-1 BAP in combination with 0.5 mgL-1 IAA or 0.5 mgL-1 NAA. Interestingly, the results showed that cotyledonary stage embryos were converted into complete plants at all treatment, but the MS medium containing 0.5 mgL-1 BAP was found to be the most effective in promoting regeneration with 2.6 leaves per-plantlet and height of 5.2 mm. Based morphological analysis confirm that the development of somatic embryo from leaves-derived calli of Coffea liberica started with the formation of embryo globular, heart, torpedo, cotyledonary stages, and finally conversion of cotyledonary embryo into complete plant.

Resistance to nematode Meloidogyne paranaensis in Arabica coffee genotypes introgressed with Coffea liberica

The aim of this study was to prove that Arabica coffee introgressed with C. liberica, have resistance to Meloidogyne paranaensis (Mp). Open pollinated fruits were harvested from mother plants of 29 Arabica coffee genotypes from the IAPAR germplasm bank. Seeds were collected from the fruits and were sown to obtain seedlings to test the resistance to Mp. The experiment was set up in a completely randomized design with 29 coffee genotypes, 8 replications, and one plant per plot. Cultivars Catuaí Vermelho IAC 99 and IPR 100 were used as susceptible and resistant checks, respectively. Seedlings with three to four pairs of leaves were inoculated with 1,400 eggs and juveniles J2 of Mp (IP). At 120 days after inoculation, seedlings were evaluated by counting the nematodes per gram of roots, and the final nematodes population was obtained (FP). The reproduction factor (RF) was calculated using the formula: RF = FP/IP. The reproduction factor reduction was used to classify the resistance levels of genotypes, which were classified as highly resistant (HR), resistant (R), moderately resistant (MR), moderately susceptible (MS), susceptible (S) an highly susceptible (HS). All genotypes differed from Catuaí in resistance factor (RF), five of which did not differ from IPR 100 for RF, and only the line IAPAR 15242 had RF < 1.0. Out of 28 Arabica genotypes introgressed with C. liberica, five HR, 11 R, 11 MR and one MS were identified. However, only IAPAR 15242 and IPR 100 were classified as HR and presented 100% of HR plants, but only the first showed an RF < 1.0. Results revealed that these Arabica coffee genotypes with introgression of C. liberica genes have great potential to be used in breeding programs and they are a new alternative as a source of resistance.