Chapter 10. Explainable Neuro-Symbolic Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning

Human-robot interactive decision-making is increasingly becoming ubiquitous, and explainability is an influential factor in determining the reliance on autonomy. However, it is not reasonable to trust systems beyond our comprehension, and typical machine learning and data-driven decision-making are black-box paradigms that impede explainability. Therefore, it is critical to establish computational efficient decision-making mechanisms enhanced by explainability-aware strategies. To this end, we propose the Trustworthy Decision-Making (TDM), which is an explainable neuro-symbolic approach by integrating symbolic planning into hierarchical reinforcement learning. The framework of TDM enables the subtask-level explainability from the causal relational and understandable subtasks. Besides, TDM also demonstrates the advantage of the integration between symbolic planning and reinforcement learning, reaping the benefits of both worlds. Experimental results validate the effectiveness of proposed method while improving the explainability in the process of decision-making.

The Economic Burden of Dementia: Evidence from a Survey of Households of People with Dementia and Their Caregivers

Although a cognitive impairment such as dementia causes serious economic problems among older people, its impact on economic activities is unclear. This study investigated the actual conditions of economic activities and the current status of the financial support systems among people with dementia and caregivers. One hundred and five dyads participated in the survey. Each dyad consisted of an older person with Alzheimer’s disease and their caregiver. The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Functional Assessment Staging (FAST) were used to evaluate the cognitive functions of people with dementia. The caregivers were asked questions concerning the financial status of the household and their utilization of the financial support systems available to people with dementia. Average monthly care costs significantly increased according to the severity of dementia, while household income and spending incurred no significant changes. People with dementia experienced financial problems (including a large amount of erroneously purchased, unnecessary shopping), even though their assets were informally managed by their caregivers. Financial support systems such as adult guardianship and civil trust systems were rarely known and used. We proposed the propagation of the adult guardianship and civil trust systems and the development of contract guidelines for elderly customers including people with dementia.

PENGARUH ROHIPOLIMBA TERHADAP SISTEM KEPERCAYAAN MASYARAKAT DESA SANDANG PANGAN KECAMATAN SAMPOLAWA KABUPATEN BUTON SELATAN (1938-2017)

ABSTRAK: Permasalahan pokok yang dikaji dalam penelitian ini adalah: 1) Apa latar belakang munculnya Rohipolimba terhadap sistem kepercayaan masyarakat Desa Sandang Pangan Kecamatan Sampolawa Kabupaten Buton Selatan? 2) Bagaimana eksistensi Rohipolimba terhadap sistem kepercayaan masyarakat Desa Sandang Pangan Kecamatan Sampolawa Kabupaten Buton Selatan? 3) Apa pengaruh Rohipolimba terhadap sistem kepercayaan masyarakat Desa Sandang Pangan Kecamatan Sampolawa Kabupaten Buton Selatan? 4) Apa faktor penyebab terjadinya pergeseran Rohipolimba terhadap sistem kepercayaan masyarakat Desa Sandang Pangan Kecamatan Sampolawa Kabupaten Buton Selatan? Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode sejarah menurut Helius Sjamsuddin dengan tahapan-tahapan sebagai berikut: 1) Heuristik (Pengumpulan Sumber), 2) Verifikasi (Kritik Sumber), 3) Historiografi (Penulisan Sejarah). Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa: 1) Latar belakang munculnya Rohipolimba merupakan sistem kepercayaan pra-Islam Dimana masyarakat Buton mengenal dan memiliki kepercayaan yaitu pemujaan terhadap roh nenek moyang (animisme dan dinamisme), adanya pengaruh Hindu dan dalam perkembangan mengalami sinkritisasi antara kepercayaan sebelum Islam dengan kepercayaan setelah Islam masih berlangsung utamanya kepercayaan Reinkarnasi atau Rohipolimba yang berlangsung sejak abad ke-15 M sampai abad ke 19 M. 2) Eksistensi Rohipolimba masyarakat Desa Sandang Pangan mengalami alkuturasi dengan kebudayaan Buton pra-Islam kepercayaan itu terbentuk di bawah pengaruh Hindu dan islam dalam Rohipolimba terkandung dalam sufisme yang dibawah ke Buton dan penyebarannya sampai ke Desa termaksud Desa Sandang Pangan. 3) Pengaruh Rohipolimba masyarakat Desa Sandang Pangan sangat mempengaruhi pola pikir masyarakat, sehingga masyarakat meyakini dengan adanya kepercayaan ini menjadi sebuah tradisi yang dilakukan oleh masyarakat sejak dahulu hingga kini. 4) Faktor penyebab terjadinya pergeseran Rohipolimba masyarakat Desa Sandang Pangan yaitu kurangnya pendidikan dan kurangnya pemahaman terhadap agama. Kata Kunci: Pengaruh, Rohipolimba, Sistem Kepercayaan ABSTRACT: The main problems examined in this study are: 1) What is the background of the emergence of Rohipolimba on the community trust system of Sandang Pangan Village, Sampolawa District, South Buton Regency? 2) What is the existence of Rohipolimba on the community trust system of Sandang Pangan Village, Sampolawa District, South Buton Regency? 3) What is the influence of Rohipolimba on the community trust system of Sandang Pangan Village, Sampolawa District, South Buton Regency? 4) What are the factors causing the Rohipolimba shift towards the community trust system in Sandang Pangan Village, Sampolawa District, South Buton Regency? The method used in this study is the historical method according to Helius Sjamsuddin with the following stages: 1) Heuristics (Collection of Sources), 2) Verification (Critical Sources), 3) Historiography (Writing History). The results showed that: 1) The background of the emergence of Rohipolimba is a pre-Islamic belief system where the Butonese know and have beliefs that is worship of ancestral spirits (animism and dynamism), the influence of Hinduism and in the development experiencing synchronization between pre-Islamic beliefs and beliefs after Islam continued its main belief was the Reincarnation or Rohipolimba which lasted from the 15th century AD to the 19th century AD 2) The existence of Rohipolimba Sandang Pangan villagers experienced alkuturation with pre-Islamic Buton culture that belief was formed under the influence of Hinduism and Islam in Rohipolimba contained in Sufism below to Buton and its spread to the village referred to as Sandang Pangan Village. 3) The influence of Rohipolimba in Sandang Pangan Village greatly influences the mindset of the community, so that the community believes that this belief has become a tradition carried out by the community since then until now. 4) Factors causing the shifting Rohipolimba Sandang Pangan Village community is lack of education and lack of understanding of religion. Keywords: Influence, Rohipolimba, Trust Systems

The Development of Covey Trust Concepts Inside University

Universities and education are important factors that need to be taken very seriously as the pro-cess will produce useful human resources to create useful progress for the community. The 8th Habits Method is one of the most proven methods to apply at the University level, especially to lecturers and students. Applying The 8th Habits Method is a big challenge that deserves to be accepted because it will result in the discovery of the purpose of life or the sound (meaning) of self as we know that there are many students (millennial generation) who do not have it and this may also happen to the lecturer. Dr Maggie Gilewicz in her book entitles Why Young Adults Don’t Know What to Do With Their Lives And What Can Be Done About It? argues that students and young adults do not know how they spend their life time because nothing can encourage them and no support from the environment (Gilewicz, 2017). On the other hand, parents focus on build-ing the millennial children’ self-esteem and always protect them from disappointments (Vance and Stephens, 2010). This paper offers some hypothesis and its application to the lecturers and students because both cannot be separated and should work in synergy to achieve The 8th Habits. Internal and external influences are also things that need to be examined and responded positively as these are two factors that can be one of the inhibiting factors in applying The 8th Habits-Covey trust systems. Finally, it is important that lecturers and students keep learning to be able to think and be positive, creative and flexible to be able to apply The 8th Habits-covey trust systems. Universitas dan pendidikan adalah faktor penting yang harus disikapi dengan sangat serius meng-ingat kedua factor ini akan menghasilkan sumber daya manusia yang berguna untuk menciptakan kemajuan dalam masyarakat. The 8th Habits Method merupakan salah satu metode yang paling terbukti dapat diterapkan di tingkat perguruan tinggi, khususnya pada dosen dan mahasiswa. Pen-erapan The 8th Habits Method adalah suatu tantangan besar yang harus dihadapi karena akan berujung pada penemuan tujuan hidup atau makna diri karena sebagaimana yang kita ketahui ban-yak mahasiswa (generasi millennial) yang tidak memilikinya dan hal sama dapat pula terjadi pada dosen. Dr Maggie Gilewicz dalam bukunya yang berjudul Why Young Adults Don’t Know What to Do With Their Lives And What Can Be Done About It? berpendapat bahwa maha-siswa dan remaja dewasa tidak mengetahui bagaimana mereka akan menghabiskan masa hidup mereka karena tidak ada yang mendukung mereka termasuk dukungan dari lingkungan (Gilewicz, 2017). Di sisi lain, orangtua terpaku pada bagaimana agar anak-anak mereka dapat menghargai diri mereka dan selalu melindung mereka dari hal-hal yang dapat mengecewakan mereka (Vance and Stephens, 2010). Artikel ini menawarkan hipotesis dan aplikasinya pada dosen dan mahasiswa kerena keduanya tidak terpisahkan dan harus bersinergi untuk mencapai The 8th Habit. Pengaruh internal dan eksternal penting pula untuk diketahui dan direspon secara positif karena dua faktor ini dapat menjadi penghalang penerapan The 8th Habit-Covey trust systems. Oleh karena itu, penting bagi dosen dan mahasiswa untuk terus belajar agar dapat berpikir dan menjadi positif, kreatif, dan fleksibel sehingga dapat menerapkan The 8th Habit-Covey trust systems.