MULTILINGUAL SENTIMENT NORMALIZATION FOR SCANDINAVIAN LANGUAGES

In this paper, we address the challenge of multilingual sentiment analysis using a traditional lexicon and rule-based sentiment instrument that is tailored to capture sentiment patterns in a particular language. Focusing on a case study of three closely related Scandinavian languages (Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish) and using three tailored versions of VADER, we measure the relative degree of variation in valence using the OPUS corpus. We found that scores for Swedish are systematically skewed lower than Danish for translational pairs, and that scores for Norwegian are skewed higher for both other languages. We use a neural network to optimize the fit between Norwegian and Swedish respectively and Danish as the reference (target) language.

A relative degree one modified active disturbance rejection control for four-tank level control system

This paper deals with the disturbance rejection, parameter uncertainty cancelation, and the closed-loop stabilization of the water level of the four-tank nonlinear system. For the four-tank system with relative degree one, a new structure of the active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) has been presented by incorporating a tracking differentiator (TD) in the control unit to obtain the derivate of the tracking error. Thus, the nonlinear-PD control together with the TD serves as a new nonlinear state error feedback. Moreover, a sliding mode extended state observer is presented in the feedback loop to estimate the system's state and the total disturbance. The proposed scheme has been compared with several control schemes including linear and nonlinear versions of ADRC techniques. Finally, the simulation results show that the proposed scheme achieves excellent results in terms of disturbance elimination and output tracking as compared to other conventional schemes. It was able to control the water levels in the two lower tanks to their desired value and exhibits excellent performance in terms of Integral Time Absolute Error (ITAE) and Objective Performance Index (OPI).

Weight of Evidence

This chapter analyzes and operationalizes a concept of “weight” as denoting the relative degree to which evidence has been developed on the basis of which to determine disputed claims. This concept was coined by John Maynard Keynes and later applied in the context of judicial proof by a number of scholars. The author distinguishes weight from the degree to which evidence favors one side over the other, and then assays the different ways this concept of weight can be operationalized. He identifies the strengths and weaknesses of various theories, and advocates a conception of weight that emphasizes its connection to fundamental policy choices about the importance of accuracy in litigation and, perhaps, the allocation of the risk of error. He argues that a common failure to appreciate the differences between ordinary decision-making under uncertainty and formal adjudication is responsible for confusion about the role of weight in the latter.

Comparative Morphology of the Stinger in Social Wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)

The physical features of the stinger are compared in 51 species of vespid wasps: 4 eumenines and zethines, 2 stenogastrines, 16 independent-founding polistines, 13 swarm-founding New World polistines, and 16 vespines. The overall structure of the stinger is remarkably uniform within the family. Although the wasps show a broad range in body size and social habits, the central part of the venom-delivery apparatus—the sting shaft—varies only to a modest extent in length relative to overall body size. What variation there is shows no apparent correlation with social habits. This is consistent with the hypothesis that stinger size is constrained by the demands of a flight-worthy body. The sting lancets bear distinct, acute barbs in all examined species except in members of the Stenogastrinae. Barbs vary considerably among species in number, their summed lengths, and the relative degree of serration (summed length relative to lancet width). Where they are numerous and strong, it increases the likelihood of the stinger remaining fatally embedded in the skin of a vertebrate adversary (sting autotomy). Although an index that combines the number and strength of barbs is a more natural measure of overall serration, the number of barbs alone is almost as good a predictor of the likelihood of sting autotomy. Across the family as a whole, the tendency to sting autotomy is concentrated in the swarm-founding New World polistines.