Household spending decisions analysis of coffee farmers in Aceh Tengah District

Farmer household income is certainly very closely related to expenditure. Coffee farmers in Aceh Tengah spend their income on consumptive and productive expenditures. This study aims to find out how the consumptive spending decisions and productive spending decisions of coffee farmers in Aceh Tengah District are described and to find out how the correlation between coffee farmers’ income and consumptive and productive spending decisions. The data used in this study are primary and secondary data. The analytical method used is descriptive statistics and Chi-Square analysis. The results showed that the consumptive expenditures of coffee farmers in Aceh Tengah District had a high category with a percentage of 42.2% or 62 farmers, while for productive expenditures of coffee farmers in Aceh Tengah District had a low category with a percentage of 45.6% or 67 farmers. The results of the Chi-Square analysis, namely from the results of the two analyzes, can be seen that the significance value of the correlation between income and consumptive and productive spending decisions is 0.000, which means that there is a correlation because of the Asymp value. Sig < 0.05. Moreover, the contingency coefficient (r) has a high (0.61-0.80) and moderate (0.41-0.60) correlation.

Etude De La Contribution Des Forages Dans L’amélioration De L’accès À L’eau Potable Dans Le Quartier De N’Tabacoro Cité Extension À Bamako

N’Tabacoro cité extension est une zone résidentielle à la périphérie du District de Bamako où il n’y a pas de réseau d’AEP. La plupart des ménages, pour s’approvisionner en eau, font recours aux forages d’eau privés, souvent dans des conditions physiques et économiques très difficiles. Pour comprendre les conditions d’accès à l’eau de la population, cette étude s’est proposée d’analyser l’apport des forages dans l’amélioration de l’accès à l’eau potable dans le quartier de N’Tabacoro cité extension. La méthodologie s’est basée sur l’approche terrain qui nous a permis de collecter des données auprès d’un échantillon de 15 gérants et/ou propriétaires de forages et de 30 ménages (clients). Des informations géographiques : images satellitaires raster, ficher de forme vectoriel et coordonnées des forages, ont aussi été collectées. L’analyse de ces données nous a permis d’évaluer des indicateurs socio-économiques et géographiques d’accessibilité à l’eau potable dans la zone d’étude. L’étude a révélé que les forages constituent la seule source pérenne d’approvisionnement en eau dans la zone, et la plus appréciée par la population comme eau de boisson, de cuisine et de vaisselle du fait de sa qualité meilleure.L’achat d’eau de forage représente 84,3% des dépenses globales des ménages dans l’eau. Ces derniers, avec une dépense moyenne journalière dans l’eau de 273 FCFA/ménage au profit des propriétaires de forage, payent 7 à 13 fois plus cher que le tarif social de la SOMAGEP appliqué pour les clients raccordés au réseau d’AEP. Régulièrement, 55% des ménages parcourent entre 200 m et 600 m, à pieds pour certains, pour accéder aux forages à cause de leur faible densité. Aussi, 33,3% des ménages n’appliquent pas les bonnes pratiques de stockage de l’eau de consommation dans les foyers. D‘énormes efforts des pouvoirs publics sont necessaires pour arriver à un accès équtable à l’eau dans ce quartier. N’Tabacoro Cité Extension is a residential area on the outskirts of Bamako District where there is no DWS system. Most households rely on private boreholes for their water supply, which is often under very difficult physical and economic conditions. To understand the condition of access to water for the population, this paper focuses on analyzing the contribution of boreholes in improving access to drinking water in the district of N'Tabacoro Cité Extension. The methodology was based on the field approach which was used to collect data from a sample of 15 managers and / or owners of boreholes and 30 households (clients). Geographical information such as raster satellite images, vector form files, and borehole coordinates were also collected. The analysis of these data made it possible to assess socio-economic and geographic indicators of accessibility to drinking water in the study area. The study revealed that boreholes are the only sustainable source of water supply in the area. It is the most appreciated by the population because it is used fordrinking, cooking, and dishwashing due to its better quality. The purchase of borehole water represents 84.3% of overall household spending on water. The latter, with an average daily expenditure in water of CFAF 273 / household for the benefit of borehole owners, pay 7 to 13 times more than the SOMAGEP social tariff applied for customers connected to the DWS network. Regularly, 55% of households travel between 200m and 600m, some on foot, to access the boreholes because of their low density. Also, 33.3% of households do not apply good drinking water storage practices in households. Huge government efforts are needed to achieve equitable access to water in this area.

How Did the Canada Child Benefit Affect Household Spending?

We assess how the July 2016 increase in the Canada Child Benefit (CCB) affected household spending with respect to total current expenditure and its seven constituent categories: clothing, food, health care, household operations, recreation, shelter, and transportation. The increase in the CCB was large: for most recipient households, it increased by more than $2,000 per child per year. We consider households below the median income level and find statistically significant effects of the policy change only for spending on clothing, food, and shelter and only for rental-tenure households. We find that rental-tenure households with children that fell below the median income level increased their annual expenditure by about $3,400 in response to the CCB increase. Spending on food increased by roughly $700; spending on shelter, by nearly $1,400. Spending on clothing increased by roughly $350, but spending mainly increased on children’s clothing, not on adults’ clothing.

The Determinants of Household Spending on Alcohol and Tobacco in Tanzania

The increasing effects caused by alcohol and tobacco calls for necessary interventions. This is not only in developed countries, but also in developing countries which seems to be affected more by this problem. Studies show that 80% of smokers worldwide are living in developing countries where tobacco related diseases have become major factors contributing toward high morbidity. Moreover, excessive alcohol consumption has been among global public health problems, where it accounts for about 6% of mortality and 5% of disability in the world. In addition, the prevalence of Alcohol Use Disorders (AUD) was reported at 4% globally while in Africa it was 3%. Tanzania being the developing country and located in Africa is also at risk to be affected more if the necessary measures to control this unhealthy behaviour are not taken. However, due to limited information about the structure and behaviour of people in spending and consumption of these addictive products in Tanzania, it will be difficult to prepare relevant measures to curb those problems. Therefore, by using Tobit regression model, this study examined the influence of socioeconomic characteristics on alcohol and tobacco spending. This study found factors such income, culture, and change in preference over time to have a significant relationship with spending on alcohol and tobacco. This study creates a base for alcohol and tobacco spending behaviour in Tanzania. After determining spending behaviour, further studies need to be conducted to examine consumption behaviour and its effects to prepare relevant measures to control the risks of alcohol and tobacco in Tanzania.

What Drives Outpatient Care Costs in Kenya? An Analysis With Generalized Estimating Equations

Objective: This study aimed to identify the factors associated with outpatient expenses incurred by households in Kenya.Background: The problem of outpatient healthcare expenses incurred by citizens in countries with limited resources has received little attention. Thus, this study aimed to determine the predictors of household spending on outpatient expenses in Kenya.Method: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis on households in Kenya using data from the 2018 Kenya Household Health Expenditure and Utilization Survey. We applied the generalized estimating equations method to determine the best subset of predictors of outpatient care cost.Findings: The best predictors of outpatient care expenses in Kenya are age, wealth index, and education level of the household head.Conclusions: There were no differences regarding age in the mean spending on outpatient care. Moreover, we found that the cost of outpatient care changes with age in a sinusoidal manner. We observed that rich households spent more on outpatient care, mostly owing to their financial ability. Households whose heads reported primary or secondary school education level spent less on outpatient costs than households headed by those who never went to school.

How did Covid-19 impact US household foods? an analysis six months in

Using a nationwide survey of primary grocery shoppers conducted in August 2020, we examine household food spending when the economy had partially reopened and consumers had different spending opportunities in comparison to when the Covid-19 lockdown began. We estimate the impact of Covid-19 on household spending using interval and Order Probit regressions. Income levels, age, access to grocery stores and farmers markets, household demographic information, along with other independent variables are controlled in the model. Findings show that middle-class households (with income below $50,000, or with income between $50,000 and $99,999) are less likely to increase their grocery expenditures during the pandemic. Households with children or elderlies that usually require higher food quality and nutrition intakes had a higher probability of increasing their spending during Covid-19 than before. Furthermore, consumers’ spending behaviors were also significantly affected by their safe handing levels and the Covid-19 severity and food accessibility in their residences.