Taxonomic updates to Artocarpus subgenus Artocarpus (Moraceae) and allied taxa with a particular focus on the species native to Singapore

The breadfruit genus Artocarpus J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. (Moraceae) has sixteen species in Singapore, fourteen of them native. In this precursory study to the treatment of Artocarpus for the Flora of Singapore, we present updated phylogenomic analyses of Artocarpus subgenus Artocarpus based on 517 nuclear genes. The following taxonomic changes based on recent phylogenetic analyses, review of herbarium specimens, and field observations, are proposed. Artocarpus subg. Cauliflori (F.M.Jarrett) Zerega is reduced to a section within Artocarpus subg. Artocarpus, and Artocarpus sect. Glandulifolium F.M.Jarrett is raised to subgenus status. The new monotypic subgenus Artocarpus subg. Aenigma E.M.Gardner & Zerega is proposed for Artocarpus sepicanus Diels, whose phylogenetic position remains uncertain and may be of ancient hybrid origin. Artocarpus elasticus Reinw. ex Blume, A. scortechinii King and A. corneri Kochummen are recognised as distinct species. Artocarpus clementis Merr. is reinstated as distinct from A. lanceifolius Roxb. Artocarpus calophyllus Kurz and A. melinoxylus Gagnep. are reinstated as distinct from both A. chama Buch.-Ham. and A. rigidus Blume. Artocarpus nigrescens Elmer is reinstated as distinct from A. treculianus Elmer. Keys to the subgenera, the sections of Artocarpus subg. Artocarpus and to the species found in Singapore are presented. A nomenclatural synopsis of subgenera Artocarpus, Aenigma and Glandulifolium is presented with taxonomic notes to aid in identification. Seventeen lectotypes, six of them in a second step, and two neotypes are designated.

Diversity and potential utilization of medicinal plants in Way Kambas National Park

The lowland forest area of Section I Way Kanan, Way Kambas National Park, possesses abundant medicinal tree species. This study aims to identify the medicinal tree species and their potential uses. Data collection was carried out by an inventory of all tree species by the belt transect method on a 100 m x 10 m. All plants were sampled for the herbarium, recorded, identified, and then analyzed for their usefulness. Data analysis was carried out to obtain the accuracy of scientific names, using the comparative identification approach, comparing herbarium samples from the field with herbarium specimens from Heyne’s collection at the Forest Botanical Herbarium, Forest Research and Development Center, Bogor. The identification results using herbarium specimens recorded 24 medicinal tree species of the 20 genera and 20 families. Based on Heyne’s Herbarium collection, 13 tree species of the 11 genera and 11 families possess the potential for medicinal and food. Among these species, the community still uses medicinal trees, such as Artocarpus elasticus, Baccaurea bracteata, Bouea oppositifolia and Cinnamomum iners. In general, people use medicinal plants when a family member is sick or used as tonics and supplements to maintain endurance.

The ecological and economic values of a 50 years old secondary forest in East Kalimantan, Indonesia

Karmini, Karyati, Widiati KY. 2021. The ecological and economic values of a 50 years old secondary forest in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 4597-4607. Secondary forests in the tropics are often ignored since they are assumed to have low ecological functions while on the other hand the economic values have been reduced. This study aimed to analyze the ecological and economic values of a 50-year secondary forest in East Kalimantan that experienced several various land-use changes. The ecological aspects analyzed were stand structure, floristic composition, and species diversity. Economic aspects include log prices, logging costs, profit margins, and stumpage values. A vegetation survey of woody trees with a diameter at breast height of more than 5 cm was carried out on ten plots measuring 20 m × 20 m each. A total of 437 trees belonging to 38 species, 30 genera, and 19 families were recorded with Moraceae and Euphorbiaceae were the most dominant families with Family Important Value (FIV) of 86.79. The three most dominant species were Macaranga motleyana (IVi of 50.95), Artocarpus elasticus (IVi of 34.41), and Symplocos fasciculata (IVi of 31.46). The trees in the study plot have a diversity index of 1.33, dominance index of 0.07, evenness index of 0.37, and species richness of 6.09. The average logging cost, logs price, lumber price, profit margin, and stumpage value at secondary forest were USD69.43 m-3, USD44.63 m-3, USD100.03 m-3, USD10.30 m-3, and USD28.73 ha-1, respectively. The 50 years old secondary forests in East Kalimantan have biodiversity, especially trees that have economic value, therefore their existence needs to be preserved and their use is carried out by maintaining and increasing biodiversity.

Analisa Keawetan Kayu Terap (Artocarpus elasticus Reinw) dengan Pengawet Koopers Formula 7 Menggunakan Metode Penguburan

Penelitian daya tahan kayu Terap (Artocarpus elasticus Reinw) terhadap serangan hama kayu khususnya dari golongan rayap tanah menggunakan garam pengawet jenis Koopers Formula 7, menggunakan metode graveyard test (uji penguburan) bertujuan untuk mengetahui persentase serangan rayap tanah, self retention bahan pengawet, serta absorbsi bahan pengawet pada kayu Terap. Bahan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah kayu Terap (A. elasticus Reinw) yang direndam menggunakan bahan pengawet formula 7 Koopers dengan konsentrasi 3%, 5%, dan 7%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan pengawetan dengan pengawet Koopers Formula 7 pada kayu Terap dapat memberikan nilai retensi, daya serap dan setelah sampel diawetkan kemudian ditimbun di tanah diketahui bahwa nilai persentase serangan jamur pewarna dan pembusuk adalah masing-masing 25%, 15% dan 5%.

Characterization of microcrystalline cellulose from fast-growing species Artocarpus elasticus

Microcrystalline cellulose is an important derivative of cellulosic material obtained from wood and non-wood sources, and is used for pharmaceutical, food, cosmetics, and other industries. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of various hydrochloric acid concentrations on the characteristics of cellulose microcrystals isolated from terap wood (Artocarpus elasticus). The microcrystalline cellulose was hydrolyzed using hydrochloric acid, at concentrations of 1.5 N, 2.5 N, and 3.5 N for 15 minutes, and within a temperature range of 100-105o C. Thesamples were then analyzed for changes in color and functional groups with Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), while crystallinity index was evaluated through X-Ray Diffraction Analysis (X-RDF). The FTIR results showed similarity with commercial products, while X-Ray Diffraction confirms the highest crystallinity index in the 2.5 N of cellulose I (69.395 %) and cellulose II (82.73 %).

Human neutrophil elastase inhibitory dihydrobenzoxanthones and alkylated flavones from the Artocarpus elasticus root barks

Neutrophil elastases are deposited in azurophilic granules interspace of neutrophils and tightly associated with inflammatory ailments. The root barks of Artocarpus elasticus had a strong inhibitory potential against human neutrophil elastase (HNE). The responsible components for HNE inhibition were confirmed as alkylated flavones (2–4, IC50 = 14.8 ~ 18.1 μM) and dihydrobenzoxanthones (5–8, IC50 = 9.8 ~ 28.7 μM). Alkyl groups on flavone were found to be crucial functionalities for HNE inhibition. For instance, alkylated flavone 2 (IC50 = 14.8 μM) was 20-fold potent than mother compound norartocarpetin (1, IC50 > 300 μM). The kinetic analysis showed that alkylated flavones (2–4) were noncompetitive inhibition, while dihydrobenzoxanthones (5–8) were a mixed type I (KI < KIS) inhibitors, which usually binds with free enzyme better than to complex of enzyme–substrate. Inhibitors and HNE enzyme binding affinities were examined by fluorescence quenching effect. In the result, the binding affinity constants (KSV) had a significant correlation with inhibitory potencies (IC50).

IDENTIFIKASI JENIS TANAMAN BERMANFAAT SEBAGAI BAHAN BANGUNAN DAN KERAJINAN SUKU USING KABUPATEN BANYUWANGI DITINJAU DARI SEGI ETNOBOTANI

Pemanfaatan tanaman sebagai bahan bangunan dan kerajinan merupakan kegiatan turun temurun yang telah dipraktikkan oleh Suku Using Kabupaten Banyuwangi. Suku Using memanfaatkan tanaman sebagai bahan bangunan dan kerajinan menjadi beranekaragam jenis konstruksi bangunan dan produk kerajinan yaitu atap, pintu, jendela, kusen, lantai, tiang, plafon, reng, bekisting, ukiran, peralatan/perabot rumah tangga, hiasan, alat musik, anyaman, pewarna tekstil dan seni barong, untuk mendukung kegiatan pemanfaatan tanaman perlu adanya identifikasi mengenai potensi tanaman berguna. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui tanamanyang berpotensi sebagai bahan bangunan dan kerajinan, mengetahui pengetahuan masyarakat Suku Using Banyuwangi tentang pemanfaatan tanaman sebagai bahan bangunan dan kerajinandengan jumlah responden yaitu 390 orang. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif eksploratif dengan teknik survei lapangan dan wawancara dari narasumber yang berprofesi sebagai ketua adat, tukang bangunan, pengrajin kerajinan khas banyuwangi dan masyarakat Suku Using. Data yang diambil meliputi data keanekaragaman tanaman yang digunakan masyarakat Using sebagai bahan bangunan dan kerajinan.Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan Maret sampai Juli 2018 di lima kecamatan di Kabupaten Banyuwangi yaitu meliputi Kecamatan Glagah, Kecamatan Giri, Kecamatan Kabat, Kecamatan Singojuruh dan Kecamatan Rogojampi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat 33 spesies yang dimanfaatkaan sebagai bahanbangunan dan kerajinan oleh masyarakat Using terdiri atas 18 familia. Spesies yang paling dominan digunakan adalah jati (Tectona grandis), kelapa (Cocos nucifera), bambu (Gigantochloa apus), mahoni (Swietenia mahagoni), nangka (Artocarpus heterophyllus), pulai (Alstonia scholaris), kopi (Coffea sp.), rotan (Calamus javanensis), dan bendo (Artocarpus elasticus).

Komposisi Vegetasi Dan Cadangan Karbon Pada Tingkat Tiang Dan Pohon Di Kawasan Pariwisata Alam Bukit Sulap Zona Pemanfaatan Tnks Kota Lubuk Linggau

Pemerintah kota Lubuklinggau mengembangkan pariwisata alam di zona pemanfaatan IPPA (Izin Pemanfaatan Pariwisata Alam) Bukit Sulap TNKS. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui nilai indeks penting jenis penyusun vegetasi dan besaran cadangan karbon pada tingkat tiang dan pohon di kawasan pariwisata alam Bukit Sulap zona pemanfaatan TNKS kota Lubuklinggau pada ketinggian 150 - 300 m dpl dan 300 – 450 m dpl serta mengetahui besaran cadangan karbon yang akan hilang apabila area yang diizinkan untuk pembangunan sarana prasarana dibangun semuanya sebanyak 4,23 Ha. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada bulan Mei-Agustus 2017. Pengukuran biomasa pohon dilakukan dengan metode tanpa penebangan. Hasil penelitian di kawasan IPPA Bukit Sulap pada ketinggian 150 - 300 m dpl ditemukan 20 jenis spesies dengan spesies asli sebanyak 8 spesies, sedangkan pada kawasan dengan ketinggian 300-450 m dpl ditemukan 17 jenis spesies dengan spesies asli sebanyak 8 spesies. INP tertinggi tingkat pohon pada kawasan dengan ketinggian 150-300 m dpl didapat pada bendo (Artocarpus elasticus) sebesar 50,17% sementara pada tingkat tiangnya terdapat pada glodokan tiang (Polyalthia longifolia) sebesar 47,97%. INP tertinggi tingkat pohon pada kawasan dengan ketinggian 300-450 m dpl didapat pada waru (Hibiscus macrophyllus) sebesar 101,49% sementara pada tingkat tiangnya pada ki bugang (Arthrophyllum diversifolium) sebesar 78,77%. Total cadangan karbon pada vegetasi tingkat pohon dan tiang di ketinggian 150-300 m dpl sebesar 105,824 Ton/Ha. Total cadangan karbon pada vegetasi tingkat pohon dan tiang di ketinggian 300-450 m dpl sebesar 70,037 Ton/Ha. Cadangan karbon total kedua kawasan penelitian adalah 87,930 Ton/Ha, sehingga dugaan cadangan karbon yang akan hilang adalah pada luasan area 4,23 Ha adalah 371,941 Ton karbon.Kata kunci : IPPA Bukit Sulap, Komposisi Vegetasi, Biomassa, Cadangan Karbon

Kajian Etnobotani Serat Kulit Kayu Kepuak (Artocarpus elasticus Reinw. ex Blume) Pada Suku Dayak Desa’di Desa Kunyai Kecamatan Sungai Tebelian Kabupaten Sintang

Artocarpus elasticus is one of the bark fiber-producing plants. Fiber plants have many uses, one of them is being used by Dayak Desa’ Tribe to meet the needs of daily life in accordance with local wisdom. This study was carried out for two months from May to July 2019 with purposive sampling method. The result showed that the usage of bark fiber plants by Dayak Desa’ community in Kunyai Village was varied. Based on the percentage of respondents’ answers, bark fiber plants was used as crafts (100%), clothes (88%), ropes (60%), building materials (36%), and medicines (8%). Dayak Desa’ community knows and uses kepuak bark fiber well. The process of bark fiber was done by bark stripping, followed by bark flattening until it turns into sheets, and lastly submerged and dried