Electron transfer via cytochrome b6f complex displays sensitivity to Antimycin A upon STT7 kinase activation.

The cytochrome b6f complex (b6f) has been initially considered as the ferredoxin-plastoquinone reductase (FQR) during cyclic electron flow (CEF) with photosystem I that is inhibited by antimycin A (AA). The binding of AA to the b6f Qi-site is aggravated by heme-ci, which challenged the FQR function of b6f during CEF. Alternative models suggest that PROTON GRADIENT REGULATION5 (PGR5) is involved in a b6f-independent, AA-sensitive FQR. Here, we show in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii that the b6f is conditionally inhibited by AA in vivo and that the inhibition did not require PGR5. Instead, activation of the STT7 kinase upon anaerobic treatment induced the AA sensitivity of b6f which was absent in stt7-1. However, a lock in State 2 due to persisting phosphorylation in the phosphatase double mutant pph1;pbcp did not increase AA sensitivity of electron transfer. The latter required a redox poise, supporting the view that state transitions and CEF are not coercively coupled. This suggests that the b6f-interacting kinase is required for structure-function modulation of the Qi-site under CEF favoring conditions. We propose that PGR5 and STT7 independently sustain AA-sensitive FQR activity of the b6f. Accordingly, PGR5-mediated electron injection into an STT7-modulated Qi-site drives a Mitchellian Q cycle in CEF conditions.

Light Potentials of Photosynthetic Energy Storage in the Field: What limits the ability to use or dissipate rapidly increased light energy?

The responses of plant photosynthesis to rapid fluctuations in environmental conditions are thought to be critical for efficient capture of light energy. Such responses are not well represented under laboratory conditions, but have also been difficult to probe in complex field environments. We demonstrate an open science approach to this problem that combines multifaceted measurements of photosynthesis and environmental conditions, and an unsupervised statistical clustering approach. In a selected set of data on mint (Mentha sp.), we show that the "light potential" for increasing linear electron flow (LEF) and nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) upon rapid light increases are strongly suppressed in leaves previously exposed to low ambient PAR or low leaf temperatures, factors that can act both independently and cooperatively. Further analyses allowed us to test specific mechanisms. With decreasing leaf temperature or PAR, limitations to photosynthesis during high light fluctuations shifted from rapidly-induced NPQ to photosynthetic control (PCON) of electron flow at the cytochrome b6f complex. At low temperatures, high light induced lumen acidification, but did not induce NPQ, leading to accumulation of reduced electron transfer intermediates, a situation likely to induce photodamage, and represents a potential target for improving the efficiency and robustness of photosynthesis. Finally, we discuss the implications of the approach for open science efforts to understand and improve crop productivity.

Complexome profiling on the Chlamydomonas lpa2 mutant reveals insights into PSII biogenesis and new PSII associated proteins

While the composition and function of the major thylakoid membrane complexes are well understood, comparatively little is known about their biogenesis. The goal of this work was to shed more light on the role of auxiliary factors in the biogenesis of photosystem II (PSII). Here we have identified the homolog of LOW PSII ACCUMULATION 2 (LPA2) in Chlamydomonas. A Chlamydomonas reinhardtii lpa2 mutant grew slower in low light, was hypersensitive to high light, and exhibited aberrant structures in thylakoid membrane stacks. Chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) was reduced by 38%. Synthesis and stability of newly made PSII core subunits D1, D2, CP43, and CP47 were not impaired. However, complexome profiling revealed that in the mutant CP43 was reduced to ~23% and D1, D2, and CP47 to ~30% of wild type levels. Levels of PSI and the cytochrome b6f complex were unchanged, while levels of the ATP synthase were increased by ~29%. PSII supercomplexes, dimers, and monomers were reduced to ~7%, ~26%, and ~60% of wild type levels, while RC47 was increased ~6-fold and LHCII by ~27%. We propose that LPA2 catalyses a step during PSII assembly without which PSII monomers and further assemblies become unstable and prone to degradation. The LHCI antenna was more disconnected from PSI in the lpa2 mutant, presumably as an adaptive response to reduce excitation of PSI. From the co-migration profiles of 1734 membrane-associated proteins, we identified three novel putative PSII associated proteins with potential roles in regulating PSII complex dynamics, assembly, and chlorophyll breakdown.

Complexome profiling on the lpa2 mutant reveals insights into PSII biogenesis and new PSII associated proteins

We have identified the homolog of LOW PSII ACCUMULATION 2 (LPA2) in Chlamydomonas. A Chlamydomonas lpa2 mutant grew slower in low light and was hypersensitive to high light. PSII maximum quantum efficiency was reduced by 38%. Synthesis and stability of newly made PSII core subunits D1, D2, CP43, and CP47 were not impaired. Complexome profiling revealed that in the mutant CP43 was reduced to ~23%, D1, D2, and CP47 to ~30% of wild-type levels, while small PSII core subunits and components of the oxygen evolving complex were reduced at most by factor two. PSII supercomplexes, dimers, and monomers were reduced to 7%, 26%, and 60% of wild-type levels, while RC47 was increased ~6-fold. Our data indicate that LPA2 acts at a step during PSII assembly without which PSII monomers and especially further assemblies become intrinsically unstable and prone to degradation. Levels of ATP synthase and LHCII were 29% and 27% higher in the mutant than in the wild type, whereas levels of the cytochrome b6f complex were unaltered. While the abundance of PSI core subunits and antennae hardly changed, LHCI antennae were more disconnected in the lpa2 mutant, presumably as an adaptive response to reduce excitation of PSI. The disconnection of LHCA2,9 together with PSAH and PSAG was the prime response, but independent and additional disconnection of LHCA1,3-8 along with PSAK occurred as well. Finally, based on co-migration profiles, we identified three novel putative PSII associated proteins with potential roles in regulating PSII complex dynamics, assembly, and chlorophyll breakdown.

Cytochrome b6f complex inhibition by antimycin-A requires Stt7 kinase activation but not PGR5

Ferredoxin-plastoquinone reductase (FQR) activity during cyclic electron flow (CEF) was first ascribed to the cytochrome b6f complex (b6f). However, this was later dismissed since b6f inhibition by antimycin-A (AA) could not be reproduced. AA presumably fails to ligate with haem bh, at variance with cytochrome bc1 complex, owing to a specific Qi-site occupation in b6f. Currently, PROTON GRADIENT REGULATION5 (PGR5) and the associated PGR5-Like1 are considered as FQR in the AA-sensitive CEF pathway. Here, we show that the b6f is conditionally inhibited by AA in a PGR5-independent manner when CEF is promoted. AA inhibition, demonstrated by single b6f turnover and electron transfer measurements, coincided with an altered Qi-site function which required Stt7 kinase activation by a strongly reduced plastoquinone pool. Thus, PGR5 and Stt7 were necessary for b6f activity and AA-sensitive electron transfer in CEF-favouring conditions. Extending previous findings, a new FQR activity model of the b6f is discussed.

PGR5 is required for efficient Q cycle in the cytochrome b6f complex during cyclic electron flow

Proton gradient regulation 5 (PGR5) is involved in the control of photosynthetic electron transfer, but its mechanistic role is not yet clear. Several models have been proposed to explain phenotypes such as a diminished steady-state proton motive force (pmf) and increased photodamage of photosystem I (PSI). Playing a regulatory role in cyclic electron flow (CEF) around PSI, PGR5 contributes indirectly to PSI protection by enhancing photosynthetic control, which is a pH-dependent down-regulation of electron transfer at the cytochrome b6f complex (b6f). Here, we re-evaluated the role of PGR5 in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and conclude that pgr5 possesses a dysfunctional b6f. Our data indicate that the b6f low-potential chain redox activity likely operated in two distinct modes — via the canonical Q cycle during linear electron flow and via an alternative Q cycle during CEF, which allowed efficient oxidation of the low-potential chain in the WT b6f. A switch between the two Q cycle modes was dependent on PGR5 and relied on unknown stromal electron carrier(s), which were a general requirement for b6f activity. In CEF-favoring conditions, the electron transfer bottleneck in pgr5 was the b6f, in which insufficient low-potential chain redox tuning might account for the mutant pmf phenotype. By attributing a ferredoxin-plastoquinone reductase activity to the b6f and investigating a PGR5 cysteine mutant, a current model of CEF is challenged.