La influencia del método de ordeño, las condiciones de almacenamiento y el recuento de células somáticas en la calidad de la leche cruda en tanques

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of the milking method, the storage conditions and the SCC (Somatic Cell Count) increase on the quality of raw milk. Monthly evaluations were performed out over a year in 21 tanks by monitoring the refrigeration temperature and the storage time of the milk in the tank. The tanks were grouped into three temperature levels. Milk storage time intervals were established in each tank: up to 24 h of storage; between 24 and 48 h; and above 48 h. The effect of SCC on the composition was evaluated in three categories: Low SCC; Medium SCC; High SCC. In the analyzed period, 10.8 % presented low SCC, followed by 46.5 % with medium SCC, while 42.7 % had high SCC. There was a positive correlation between SCC and protein, and a negative correlation between SCC and lactose. It is concluded that the milking method does not influence the microbial contamination of the milk; however, longer storage time and increased temperature influenced an increase in microorganism counts in milk. In evaluating the hygienic/sanitary quality of the milk, 42.7 % had high SCC and the total bacterial counts presented values above the values recommended by legislation.

Immunologic Benefits of Enfuvirtide in Patients Enrolled in a Drug Assistance Program

Background: Randomized clinical trials have demonstrated that enfuvirtide plus an optimized background regimen can cause a significant increase in CD4+ cell counts and a reduction in HIV RNA levels. Objective: To describe and anaiyze CD4+ cell count and HIV RNA changes in HIV-infected patients receiving enfuvirtide and a prescribed background regimen (PBR) in a primarily clinical setting. Methods: A retrospective review from September 1998 through August 2005 of CD4+ cell counts and HIV RNA changes from baseline was conducted in patients receiving enfuvirtide. Data were stratified and analyzed according to baseline CD4+ cell count and HIV RNA. Results: A mean CD4+ cell count increase of approximately 102 cells/mm3 was observed, regardless of baseline CD4+ cell count, in 187 patients receiving enfuvirtide during a mean of 19.4 months of follow-up. During 3 years of follow-up, patients initiating enfuvirtide at CD4+ cell counts less than 100 cells/mm3 never achieved absolute CD4+ cell counts comparable to the counts in patients starting enfuvirtide at CD4+ cell counts of 100 cells/mm3 or more. In 38.3% of patients achieving an undetectable HIV RNA level, a mean CD4+ cell count increase of 185 cells/mm3 was observed. An unexpected finding was that a mean CD4+ cell count increase of 76 cells/mm3 occurred in 61.7% of patients not achieving complete viral suppression. Conclusions: Immunologic benefits were observed in subjects continuing enfuvirtide plus a PBR irrespective of baseline CD4+ cell count, complete viral suppression, or antiretroviral susceptibility data. Dala suggest that initiation of enfuvirtide at CD4+ cell counts greater than 100 celis/mm3 may be immunologically advantageous and independent of complete virologic response.

Tipranavir (TPV) Genotypic Inhibitory Quotient Predicts Virological Response at 48 Weeks to TPV-Based Salvage Regimens

ABSTRACT The virological response (VR) to a tipranavir-ritonavir (TPV-RTV)-based regimen had been shown to be associated with a number of mutations in the protease gene, the use of enfuvirtide (T20), and the TPV phenotypic inhibitory quotient (IQ). The role of the TPV genotypic IQ (gIQ) has not yet been fully investigated. The aim of our study was to evaluate the relationship between the TPV gIQ and the VR at 48 weeks to TPV-based salvage regimens. Patients placed on regimens containing two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors plus TPV-RTV 500/200 mg twice a day with or without T20 were prospectively studied. Regular follow-up was performed over the study period. VR, considered a viral load (VL) decrease of ≥1 log unit and/or the achievement of <50 copies/ml with no VL rebound of >0.5 log unit compared to the maximal VL decrease at week 48, was assessed. Thirty-eight patients who had received multiple drugs were included. At week 48 the VL decrease was −1.48 (interquartile range [IQR], −2.88 to −0.48), 15 patients (39.5%) had VLs of <50 copies/ml, and the CD4+ cell count increase was 37 cells/mm3 (IQR, −30 to +175). Twenty subjects (52.6%) achieved VRs. The TPV gIQ and optimized background score (OBS) were independently associated with higher VL decreases. The TPV gIQ and OBS were also independent predictors of a VR at week 48. TPV gIQ and OBS cutoff values of 14,500 and 2, respectively, were associated with a higher rate of VR. The TPV gIQ was shown to be able to predict the VR at 48 weeks to TPV-containing salvage regimens better than the TPV trough concentration or TPV-associated mutations alone. A possible TPV gIQ cutoff value of 14,500 for reaching a VR at week 48 was suggested. Further studies are needed in order to evaluate the calculation of TPV gIQ as a new tool for the optimization of TPV-based salvage therapy.