Drag on a Square-Cylinder Array Placed in the Mixing Layer of a Compound Channel

There are no studies specifically aimed at characterizing and quantifying drag forces on finite cylinder arrays in the mixing layer of compound channel flows. Addressing this research gap, the current study is aimed at characterizing experimentally drag forces and drag coefficients on a square-cylinder array placed near the main-channel/floodplain interface, where a mixing layer develops. Testing conditions comprise two values of relative submergence of the floodplain and similar ranges of Froude and bulk Reynolds numbers. Time-averaged hydrodynamic drag forces are calculated from an integral analysis: the Reynolds-averaged integral momentum (RAIM) conservation equations are applied to a control volume to compute the drag force, with all other terms in the RAIM equations directly estimated from velocity or depth measurements. This investigation revealed that, for both tested conditions, the values of the array-averaged drag coefficient are smaller than those of cylinders in tandem or side by side. It is argued that momentum exchanges between the flow in the main channel and the flow in front of the array contributes to reduce the pressure difference on cylinders closer to the interface. The observed drag reduction does not scale with the normalized shear rate or the relative submersion. It is proposed that the value of the drag coefficient is inversely proportional to a Reynolds number based on the velocity difference between the main-channel and the array and on cylinder spacing.

A low-energy limit of Yang-Mills theory on de Sitter space

We consider Yang-Mills theory with a compact structure group G on four-dimensional de Sitter space dS4. Using conformal invariance, we transform the theory from dS4 to the finite cylinder $$ \mathcal{I} $$ I × S3, where $$ \mathcal{I} $$ I = (−π/2, π/2) and S3 is the round three-sphere. By considering only bundles P → $$ \mathcal{I} $$ I × S3 which are framed over the temporal boundary ∂$$ \mathcal{I} $$ I × S3, we introduce additional degrees of freedom which restrict gauge transformations to be identity on ∂$$ \mathcal{I} $$ I × S3. We study the consequences of the framing on the variation of the action, and on the Yang-Mills equations. This allows for an infinite-dimensional moduli space of Yang-Mills vacua on dS4. We show that, in the low-energy limit, when momentum along $$ \mathcal{I} $$ I is much smaller than along S3, the Yang-Mills dynamics in dS4 is approximated by geodesic motion in the infinite-dimensional space $$ \mathcal{M} $$ M vac of gauge-inequivalent Yang-Mills vacua on S3. Since $$ \mathcal{M} $$ M vac ≅ C∞(S3, G)/G is a group manifold, the dynamics is expected to be integrable.

К расчету поля конечного магнитного цилиндра с внутренним соосным цилиндрическим дефектом

Using the grid method, a numerical solution of the direct problem of magnetostatics for calculating the field of a finite cylinder with a constant magnetic permeability containing an internal inclusion in the form of a coaxial cylinder with a different magnetic permeability is carried out. The algorithm is created for an arbitrary external field. In order to assess the reliability and accuracy of the solution method, the results were tested using precisely solved problems. A comparison is also made with the results of the previously solved problem of a finite defect-free cylinder. The coordinate dependences of the components of the resulting field are constructed for different source data. The program adds to the library of magnetic control problems and can be used for high-quality verification with the results of model experiments, as well as for evaluating the geometric characteristics of an internal defect.

Analytic baby skyrmions at finite density

We study the baby Skyrme model in (2+1)-dimensions built on a finite cylinder. To this end, we introduce a consistent ansatz which is able to reduce the complete set of field equations to just one equation for the profile function for arbitrary baryon charge. Many analytic solutions both with and without the inclusion of the effects of the minimal coupling with the Maxwell field are constructed. The baby skyrmions appear as a sequence of rings along the cylinder, leading to a periodic shape in the baryon density. Linear stability and other physical properties are discussed. These analytic gauged baby Skyrmions generate a persistent U(1) current which cannot be turned off continuously as it is tied to the topological charge of the baby Skyrmions themselves. In the simplest non-trivial case of a gauged baby Skyrmion, a very important role is played by the Mathieu equation with an effective coupling constant which can be computed explicitly. These configurations are a very suitable arena to test resurgence in a non-integrable context.