Improvement of acid treatment with the sintanol preparation after hydro-sand blasting of wells in the conditions of ANK «Bashneft»

A sandblasting hammer is lowered into the well, setting against the selected processing interval, and hydraulic clamps are necessary for the rig to be held firmly. The displacement of the latter eliminates the possibility of selective processing. After the usual sandblasting and flushing the well from sand, without changing the position of the perforator, an acid solution is pumped into the pipes, which, entering the channel formed, is filtered through its walls into the treated section of the formation. The part of the acid that, after the end of the treatment, has accumulated in the wellbore, is forced into the reservoir by the squeezing fluid through the annular space. Increase the acid depletion time, i.e. slow down the reaction rate by adding special reagents to the solution. So, a syntanol DS-10 TU 2483-016-71150986-2012 (a non-ionic surfactant and is intended for use as an effective surfactant) is a very effective reaction rate reducer. Adding it in an amount of 0.5% (by weight of the volume of the solution) can reduce the reaction rate by 2.7 times. Keywords: speed; reaction; syntanol; processing; pressure.

Israel Facing COVID-19

This paper considers Israel’s response to the challenges raised by the Covid-19 pandemic with a specific focus on the invoked public policies and the related political, economic and legal concerns. I first provide some background information. Then, I outline the keys for the initial success in confronting the coronavirus pandemic. Three factors contributed to the initial Israeli success, namely: the government’s swift and effective reaction to the pandemic; the close cooperation and coordination between the organisations that were mobilised to counter the pandemic, and the effective implementation of governmental policies. However, mistakes were made during the second wave of the pandemic.

Effect of ammonia and water molecule on OH + CH3OH reaction under tropospheric condition

The rate coefficients for OH + CH3OH and OH + CH3OH (+ X) (X = NH3, H2O) reactions were calculated using microcanonical, and canonical variational transition state theory (CVT) between 200 and 400 K based on potential energy surface constructed using CCSD(T)//M06-2X/6-311++G(3df,3pd). The results show that OH + CH3OH is dominated by the hydrogen atoms abstraction from CH3 position in both free and ammonia/water catalyzed ones. This result is in consistent with previous experimental and theoretical studies. The calculated rate coefficient for the OH + CH3OH (8.8 × 10−13 cm3 molecule−1 s−1), for OH + CH3OH (+ NH3) [1.9 × 10−21 cm3 molecule−1 s−1] and for OH + CH3OH (+ H2O) [8.1 × 10−16 cm3 molecule−1 s−1] at 300 K. The rate coefficient is at least 8 order magnitude [for OH + CH3OH(+ NH3) reaction] and 3 orders magnitude [OH + CH3OH (+ H2O)] are smaller than free OH + CH3OH reaction. Our calculations predict that the catalytic effect of single ammonia and water molecule on OH + CH3OH reaction has no effect under tropospheric conditions because the dominated ammonia and water-assisted reaction depends on ammonia and water concentration, respectively. As a result, the total effective reaction rate coefficients are smaller. The current study provides a comprehensive example of how basic and neutral catalysts effect the most important atmospheric prototype alcohol reactions.

Universal Chain-End Coupling Conditions for Brominated Polystyrenes, Polyacrylates, and Polymethacrylates

Atom transfer radical coupling (ATRC), performed with or without radical traps, has allowed for high extents of coupling (Xc) for a variety of brominated polymers, yet structurally different polymeric chain ends require unique reagents and reaction conditions. Inspired by a similar study that focused on universal conditions for the controlled polymerization of different monomers using atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), this work focuses on developing a single set of conditions (or conditions with as little variation as possible) that will achieve extents of coupling greater than 80% or end-brominated chains of polystyrene (PSBr), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMABr), and poly(methyl acrylate) (PMABr). The radical traps α-phenyl-tert-butylnitrone (PBN), 2-methyl-2-nitrosopropane (MNP), and nitrosobenzene (NBz) were chosen in this study, along with copper catalysts, reducing agents, and nitrogen-based ligands. Ultimately, a single set of effective reaction conditions was identified with the only difference being the radical trap used: MNP was effective for coupling PSBr and PMABr while NBz was necessary to achieve similarly high extents of coupling for PMMABr.

Spike-specific immune response induced by BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine in former COVID-19 patients and high responsive subjects

Background: The worldwide escalation of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has urgently required the development of safe and effective vaccines against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is the causative agent of disease. The BNT162b2 (Pfizer–BioNTech) RNA-based vaccine confers 95% protection against COVID-19 by encoding a mutated isoform of SARS-CoV-2 full-length spike (S) protein. Objective: Here, we report the antigen-specific immune profile against SARS-CoV-2 S protein after vaccination with a single dose of BNT162b2 in order to define the immunological landscape required for an efficient response to the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Methods: We determined the levels of antibodies and antigen-specific B, T and NK-T cells against a recombinant GFP tagged SARS-CoV-2 S protein in subjects up to 20 days after injection of a single dose of BNT162b2 vaccine using a combined approach involving serological assays and flow cytometry analyses. Former COVID-19 patients have been also included in this study to evaluate the effect of vaccine after exposition to SARS-CoV-2. Results: The level of antigen-specific helper T-cells against SARS-CoV-2 S protein was reduced in subjects, low responsive or unresponsive to vaccination with respect to the highly responsive individuals, while the numbers of antigen-specific regulatory and cytotoxic T-cells were comparable. Of interest, in former COVID-19 patients, a single dose of BNT162b2 vaccine induced a significant increase of antibody production simultaneous with an antigen-specific B and NK-T cell response. Conclusion: Taken together, these results suggest that favorable immune profiles support the progression and an effective reaction to BNT162b2 vaccination.

Phosphorylation of glycoluryl derivatives with phosphorus pentachloride

The paperpresents the research results on the synthesis and study of new organophosphorus derivatives of glycoluril, obtained on the basis of pentavalent phosphorus. New organoelement phosphorus derivatives synthesized on the basis of N-acyl-substituted glycolurilhave been obtained.They are of considerable interest due to the presence of effective reaction centers. Tetraacetyl-substituted glycoluril —2,4,6,8-tetraacetyl-2,4,6,8-tetraazabicyclo[3,3,0]octane-3,7-dione was chosen as theinitial synthon. Theuse of unsubstituted glycoluril in the reaction of direct phosphorylation by the action of phosphorus trichloride or pentachloride is not possible due to the absence of active phosphorylation centers. It was experimentally shown that the reaction proceeds with prolonged heating for at least 48 hours in an argon. Theinitial acyl derivative of glycoluril and phosphorus pentachloride in theratio of 1:6 and leads to the formation of diphosphonic complex of tetraacetylglycoluril —dihexachlorophosphorate 2,6-diacetyl-(4,8-diacetyl-2,4,6,8-tetraaza-bicyclo[3.3.0]octane-3,7-dione)-2,6-di(chloroethenyltrichlorophosphonium). The obtained compoundis a white crystalline substance unstable in air. Decomposition of the diphosphonic complex was carried out using benzaldehyde and proceeds with the formation of the corresponding dichlorophosphate derivative, also unstable in air and rapidly decomposing at room temperature.

On Relationships between Gas-Phase Chemistry and Reactive Ion Etching Kinetics for Silicon-Based Thin Films (SiC, SiO2 and SixNy) in Multi-Component Fluorocarbon Gas Mixtures

This work summarizes the results of our previous studies related to investigations of reactive ion etching kinetics and mechanisms for widely used silicon-based materials (SiC, SiO2, and SixNy) as well as for the silicon itself in multi-component fluorocarbon gas mixtures. The main subjects were the three-component systems composed either by one fluorocarbon component (СF4, C4F8, CHF3) with Ar and O2 or by two fluorocarbon components with one additive gas. The investigation scheme included plasma diagnostics by Langmuir probes and model-based analysis of plasma chemistry and heterogeneous reaction kinetics. The combination of these methods allowed one (a) to figure out key processes which determine the steady-state plasma parameters and densities of active species; (b) to understand relationships between processing conditions and basic heterogeneous process kinetics; (c) to analyze etching mechanisms in terms of process-condition-dependent effective reaction probability and etching yield; and (d) to suggest the set gas-phase-related parameters (fluxes and flux-to-flux ratios) to control the thickness of the fluorocarbon polymer film and the change in the etching/polymerization balance. It was shown that non-monotonic etching rates as functions of gas mixing ratios may result from monotonic but opposite changes in F atoms flux and effective reaction probability. The latter depends either on the fluorocarbon film thickness (in high-polymerizing and oxygen-less gas systems) or on heterogeneous processes with a participation of O atoms (in oxygen-containing plasmas). It was suggested that an increase in O2 fraction in a feed gas may suppress the effective reaction probability through decreasing amounts of free adsorption sites and oxidation of surface atoms.

A Rapid and Accurate Non Extractive Procedure For Analyzing Monocrotophos In Environmental Samples By Spectrophotometry

An organophosphorous insecticide monocrotophos is increasingly being utilized in agriculture to control insects on a broad range of crops. In this study a new reaction system using spectrophotometric method for quantitative determination of monocrotophos is proposed. The method is based on the bromination of monocrotophos to form dibromomonocrotophos which react with Potassium iodide-Potassium iodate mixture in the presence of leuco malachite green (LMG) to form a water soluble greenish blue colored complex. The change in absorbance as a criterion of the bromination reaction progress was followed spectrophotometrically. To obtain t he maximum sensitivity the effective reaction variables were optimized. The absorbance maximum was observed at 620 nm. Under optimized experimental conditions calibration graph was linear over the range of 10.0-60.0 µg. The molar absorptivity of the colored system is 3.66×104 L mol-1 cm-1 and sandell’s sensitivity is 0.25×10-2 µg cm-2. The calculated detection limit was 0.44 µg mL-1. The interfering effect of various species was also investigated. The present method was successfully applied to the analysis of monocrotophos in different environmental and water samples.