Negative Shocks and Political Parties’ Territorial Demands: The Institutional Roots of Party Competition

Why do political parties set an extreme or a more moderate position on the territorial dimension? Despite previous works have paid recent interest on the dynamics of the political competition on the territorial dimension, we know much less about the factors that lead to a centrifugal or a centripetal party competition on the same dimension. In this article, we offer a new way of understanding it: we argue that parties’ policy position on the decentralization continuum not only depends on the level of territorial decentralization, but also on the credibility of the institutional agreement established through the country’s constitutional rigidity. If the original territorial pact does not guarantee that the majority group will have its “hands tied” so that it does not reverse the territorial agreement, political parties will have incentives to adopt more extreme positions on the territorial dimension. We test this argument with a dataset covering around 460 political parties clustered in 28 European countries from 1999 to 2019 and by exploiting the fact that the 2008 economic crisis unleashed a shock on the territorial design. Our results confirm our expectations. We show that both the federal deal and the credibility of the institutional arrangement through constitutional rigidity are necessary conditions to appease parties’ demands on the territorial dimension. Our results have important implications for our understanding of how institutions shape political competition along the territorial dimension.

2. Three waves of neoliberalism

‘Three waves of neoliberalism’ examines the three waves of neoliberalism, starting with the emergence of neoliberalism in the Anglosphere under the conservative leaderships of US President Ronald Reagan and British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher. Meanwhile, the second wave of neoliberalism became associated with a new kind of global economic and political cosmopolitanism called market globalism. Identifying themselves with a politically moderate position known as the Third Way, US President Bill Clinton and British Prime Minister Tony Blair embraced this neoliberal ideology. US President Barack Obama's presidency marked the rise of third-wave neoliberalism by refusing to impose restrictions on the monopolistic practices of emerging e-commerce firms.

Justice and equality for all? Proportional representation in Belgium and France (1883-1921)

Whereas 19th century Belgium is traditionally framed as heavily dependent on France, this image ought to be nuanced for its political system. During what Pierre Rosanvallon named the transnational ‘proportional moment’ (1899-1914), the introduction of Proportional Representation in parliamentary elections generated a French interest in Belgium as the ‘electoral laboratory of Europe’. Arguments raised in the French Chambre des Députés were similar to those used in Belgian Parliament. The present article addresses the structural differences between the electoral debate in both states. Whereas Belgian constitutional doctrine adapted smoothly to the introduction of proportionality (Oscar Orban/Paul Errera) and held a moderate position bordering on that of Hans Kelsen, French doctrine was divided between the Parisian Adhémar Esmein, who defended the majority system as the bedrock of republicanism, and provincial professors of constitutional law, who had corporatist ideas, or were in favour of judicial review (Joseph-Barthélémy, Léon Duguit). Raymond Carré de Malberg’s condemnation of proportional representation as impossible, or as the stepping-stone to direct democracy, ought to be situated within this context.

«RIOT» OR «CHAOS»?: NATURE OF DISTURBANCE BETWEEN UDINSK AND SELENGINSK WARRIORS IN 1696

The article examines the disturbances of warriors from Selenginsk, Udinsk, Ilyinsky and Kabansky fortresses, which occurred in 1696. The author of the study believes that the events were not a direct struggle against state administration. Most of the actions of Transbaikalye residents, directed against the voivode A. Savelov, were not the riot and in most cases did not go beyond the legal framework. On the basis of those events were the erroneous policy of the state aimed at the garrisons formation in Western Transbaikalye, not at anti-feudal process as it was previously thought. The article focuses on the fact that the stage of involvement of Selenginsk and Udinsk military corporations in «troubles» was unequal. While Selenginsk warriors and part of the «old» Udinsk warriors had taken a moderate position in anticipation of conflict resolution with Irkutsk voivode with the help of the state some of Udinsk warriors, mainly the newly-recruited, were inclined to arbitrariness and violation of the law.

Analisis Potensi Dan Strategi Pengembangan Pariwisata di Kabupaten Ende

This research aims to make an inventory of the potential and strategies for developing tourism in Ende Regency as a tourist attraction, so that policies can be used to develop this attraction in a sustainable manner. This research was conducted in Ende district. Data collection in this study was carried out using the following techniques: 1)) Direct interviews with respondents by visiting respondents based on a questionnaire (list of questions) that had been prepared previously. 2) Observation, which is a collection of data by direct observation in the field to test and complete other data. 3) Documentation, namely obtaining data and information that has been recorded in various documents about various things needed in research that can be obtained from related agencies, such as the Tourism Office, TNK, Inns, Home Stay, Regional Libraries. The problems in this study were analyzed descriptively qualitatively, IFAS analysis (Internal Factors Analysis Summary) and EFAS (External Factors Analysis Summary) and SWOT analysis (Strength Weakneses Opportunities Threat) analysis to design development strategies. From the research results, it was found that the internal conditions in the form of strength factors in each tourism area in Ende Regency were beautiful natural panoramas, unique community cultures, historical relics, unique social life, beautiful forests with fresh air. Internal conditions are in the form of weakness factors, including: lack of facilities and infrastructure to support tourism activities, lack of promotion of tourism potentials in each area, lack of human resources in the tourism sector, lack of air, sea and air transportation accessibility and the road to tourism potentials is still narrow, there is a lack of local community involvement in tourism activities in their place. The results of the IFAS matrix analysis found that the internal condition of tourism potential in Ende district was in a moderate position, with a total score of 2.33. External conditions in the form of opportunity factors in each area include: The existence of the mission of Ende district 2014-2019, the proximity of tourism potential in areas other than Kelimutu to the tourist attraction of Kelimutu National Park, strategic location and in the middle route of Ende Regency and Flores Island, advances in information technology and transportation, a trend towards world tourism towards natural tourism (Back to Nature), the growth of the global economy. External conditions in the form of threat factors are the threat of global warming, the circulation of drugs, HIV, the threat of population growth due to migrants resulting in land conversion, cultural change (commodification) and environmental pollution in the form of garbage. The results of the EFAS matrix analysis show the position of the external environment. The tourism potential of Ende Regency as a tourist attraction is in a moderate position, with a total score of 2.44. The general strategy used in developing tourism potential in each area is a strategy of maintaining and maintaining. This position states that the tourism potential in each tourism area has an average moderate and competitive attractiveness position. Alternative strategies for developing tourism potential, including: tourism product development strategies in each region, infrastructure and facilities development strategies, tourism product marketing strategies, institutional development strategies and human resource enhancement in tourism, and sustainable tourism development strategies.

An Analysis Of The Potency And Opportunities For The Youth Participation In The Development Of Wiyono Village District Pesawaran Lampung

This research is an exploratory study that wants to study the role of youth in village development in Wiyono Village, Gedong Tataan District, Pesawaran Regency. The research is based on the background of the fact that Wiyono Village is a City Village that has many facilities with relatively advanced population, but is still a developing village, not a fast developing village. This is interesting to study to find out what causes it. The research population was all village youths with 32 people drawn from eight hamlets in Wiyono Village. The study was conducted with an exploratory approach using qualitative descriptive methods. The results showed that the potential of Wiyono Village youth was in the high category with a score of 4, while the level of youth participation in village development was in a moderate position with a score of 3. The main cause of the lack of optimal youth participation was the lack of communication between the village government and the youth.

The discussion of abortion in US political debates: A study in occasioned semantics

This article deals with the discussion of abortion in a number of US presidential and vice-presidential debates, from a scaling perspective. The interest in scales, as (co)constructed and negotiated by participants in the course of interaction, is a component of occasioned semantics. I found that, in the political debates that I examined, there are a number of different scales anchored by the contrast between ‘pro-life’ and ‘pro-choice’ positions. These are as follows: (1) Stage of pregnancy, (2) Prescribed action, (3) Special circumstances, (4) Locus of enforcement and (5) Frequency. These scales are manipulated in various ways by the candidates to make their own stances seem reasonable and moral and their opponents’ unreasonable and immoral. A position may be made to appear more moderate by adding a more extreme alternative to the scale, which is then rejected (‘negative upgrading’). Also, common goals (in particular, reduction of abortion frequency) may be emphasized. The debaters also use ‘negative downgrading’ – rejection of a more moderate position – to suggest an opponent’s unreasonableness. It is noted that the availability of several scales affords various ways of formulating the reasonableness or unreasonableness of a particular position. The article continues with a close examination of an extended debate sequence, illustrating the crucial role of implicature in the manipulation of scales, the attribution of attitude, and the practice of argumentation, and the possibility of dealing with implicature within a conversation analytic framework. The discussion is, at all points, grounded in and illustrated by the actual talk of the political candidates. It is suggested that viewing specific occasions of interaction in terms of the creation and negotiation of scales can yield a unique and revealing perspective on what is taking place.

PROSES KREATIF DAN KRITIK SOSIAL DALAM NOVEL BABAD NGALOR-NGIDUL KARYA ELIZABETH D. INANDIAK

This study aims to describe and explain the creative process of authors and social criticism found in Babad Ngalor-Ngidul novel. This research use desciptive qualitative approach. Data sources in the form of Babad Ngalor-Ngidul novels by Elizabeth D. Inandiak and author interviews and data collection were carried out by purposive sampling. Data were analyzed based on the author's creative process theory and literary sociology in the form of speech, sentence, or discourse contained in the data source. Data is filtered and classified according to research objectives, which are related to the creative process of authors and social criticism. The results of the study stated that there is a connection between the creative process of the author and social criticism in the Babad Ngalor-Ngidul novel. The author's creative process is based on the eruption and earthquake events in Yogyakarta, and is influenced by the interaction of the author with the community of Kinahrejo and Bebekan. The criticisms contained in the Babad Ngalor-Ngidul novel are social, cultural and political criticisms of the dynamics of post-disaster community change. The creative process of the author and the delivery of the message of criticism are intertwined in the moderate position of literature as a form of sanctification (catharsis), and healing.Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan dan menjelaskan proses kreatif pengarang dan kritik sosial yang terdapat pada novel Babad Ngalor-Ngidul. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif kualitatif. Sumber data berasal dari novel Babad Ngalor-Ngidul karya Elizabeth D. Inandiak dan hasil wawancara pengarang serta pengambilan data dilakukan secara purposive sampling. Data dianalisis berdasarkan teori proses kreatif pengarang dan sosiologi sastra yang berupa tuturan, kalimat, atau wacana yang terdapat dalam sumber data. Data disaring dan diklasifikasikan sesuai tujuan penelitian, yakni terkait dengan proses kreatif pengarang dan kritik sosial. Hasil penelitian mengemukakan bahwa terdapat kaitan antara proses kreatif pengarang dan kritik sosial yang ada dalam novel Babad Ngalor-Ngidul. Proses kreatif pengarang dilandasi atas peristiwa erupsi dan gempa di Yogyakarta serta dipengaruhi interaksi pengarang dengan masyarakat Kinahrejo dan Bebekan. Adapun kritik yang terdapat dalam novel Babad Ngalor-Ngidul adalah kritik sosial, budaya, dan politik atas dinamika perubahan masyarakat pascabencana. Proses kreatif pengarang dan penyampaian pesan kritik berkelindan dalam posisi moderat karya sastra sebagai bentuk penyucian (katarsis) serta penyembuhan.

Vytautas Kavolis: Liberalism and Metaphysics

The article deals with the Lithuanian-American political scholar Vytautas Kavolis’s approach to the metaphysical foundations of liberalism. It is argued that the scholar’s position in regard to this question has changed as time passed. Until the 1970s, Kavolis defended the position that pure (philosophical) liberalism does not presuppose any a priori metaphysics. It doesn’t dictate to its partisans in a normative way what they have to think about God, to accept His existence or not, or how they ought to treat reality as a whole. According to Kavolis, pure liberalism is neutral with regard to God and reality as a whole. It is an empty form in the metaphysical sense. The right to fill up an empty form with a metaphysical content is delegated to an individual in pure liberalism. From the 1970s, Kavolis took a much more moderate position regarding the metaphysical foundations of liberalism. In his view, pure liberalism is founded on some metaphysical presuppositions – namely, the metaphysical conception of order. Inquiring Kavolis’ approach to the meta­physical foundations of liberalism, wide attention is paid to its context of origin as well.

Assessment IT Risk Management at The Computer and Network Laboratory School

<p><span>The Computer and Network Engineering Laboratory School is a means for teaching and learning that has problems with information technology. In this research, IT Risk Management Assessment will be carried out at the Computer and Network Engineering Laboratory of School. This research was conducted to determine what risks of what happened. In this study, the NIST SP 800-30r1 Framework method will be used to obtain risk scores. While for data collection techniques will use qualitative analysis. The stages of risk assessment carried out include Prepare for Assessment, Conduct Assessment, Communicate Result, and Maintain Assessment. From the assessment stage, the level of risk obtained is in a moderate position. This assessment was taken from the results of interviews with five respondents in the organization management of The Computer and Network Engineering Laboratory School. Emerging risks have a serious impact on assets, organization and activities in The Computer and Network Engineering Laboratory School.</span></p>