Association Between Early-Stage Juveniles of Sailfin Catfish (Pterygoplichthys, Loricariidae) and Floating Hydrophytes: Behaviour Supports Species Dispersal?

The vertical distribution of early-stage juvenile sailfin catfish (Pterygoplichthys, Loricariidae), an invasive species, were investigated in littoral habitats and the center of channel with floating hydrophytes from the Red River system in Vietnam. Sailfin catfish were sampled from the upper water column with associated floating hydrophytes of the invasive water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) and native water spinach (Ipomoea aquatic) and the bottom using hand nets (2-mm mesh sizes). Significantly higher numbers of early-stage juveniles were associated with floating hydrophytes compared to bottom sampling. The association between early stages of sailfin catfishes and floating hydrophytes, especially the free-floating invasive water hyacinth, supports the potential mechanism in the dispersal of an invasive fish.

Uji Ketoksikan Akut Ekstrak Etanol Kangkung darat (Ipomoea reptans Poir) dan air (Ipomoea aquatic Forsk) Menggunakan Metode OECD 423

Kangkung memiliki dua jenis yaitu darat (Ipomoea reptans Poir) dan air (Ipomoea aquatic Forsk). Kangkung dapat digunakan untuk terapi herbal antara lain sedative, hipnotik, antidiabetes, analgetik dan ansiolitik. Obat herbal pemakaiannya cukup lama yaitu lebih dari satu minggu, maka perlu diketahui keamanannya agar tidak menimbulkan efek berbahaya yang tidak diinginkan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui efek toksisitas dan menentukan nilai LD50 ekstrak etanol kangkung darat dan air menggunakan metode OECD 423. Penelitian ini menggunakan hewan uji mencit Mus musculus menggunakan dosis 300 mg/KgBB, kemudian dilanjutkan dosis 2000mg/KgBB. Pemberian melalui peroral satu kali selama perlakuan, dilihat gejala fisik berupa sianosis, kejang, laju pernafasan selama 4 jam pertama dan dihitung jumlah kematian. Pengamatan dilanjutkan sampai hari ke 14. Jika terjadi kematian pada 24 jam pertama maka dilakukan pengulangan. Hasil skrining fitokimia ektrak etanol kangkung darat dan air positif terhadap flavonoid, tannin, saponin, steroid, dan vitamin C dan E. Berdasar hasil pengamatan jumlah kematian kemudian disesuaikan dengan GHCS ekstrak etanol kangkung darat dan air memiliki LD50 > 2000-5000 mg/KgBBKata Kunci : kangkung, darat, air, OECD 423, ekstrak etanol

Utilization of yellow velvetleaf and water spinach to reduce copper ion in surface water of the estuary of babon river Semarang

The Babon River in East Semarang has been polluted by heavy metals sourced from industrial waste. So that water pollution at the Babon River estuary does not spread, it is necessary to carry out water treatment. This research uses a glass aquarium reactor and utilizes yellow velvetleaf (limmoncharis Flava) and water spinach (Ipomoea aquatic fork) plants as a medium to reduce the concentration of copper ions (Cu2+) by using variations in detention time. The results and analysis showed that yellow velvetleaf and water spinach could reduce the concentration of copper ions (Cu2+) in estuary surface water within 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, and 5 hours. After going through several stages of a simple drinking water pre-treatment process, the results showed that yellow velvetleaf plants could reduce the concentration of copper ions (Cu2+) in Babon river water samples, from an initial concentration of 0.055 mg/L to 0.020 mg/L, with the highest efficiency percentage reduction up to 61.5%. As for water spinach, the concentration of copper ions that can be reduced only reaches the lowest level of 0.047 mg/L, with the highest percentage reduction efficiency of only 9.6% after the same pre-treatment process.

Microbial Diversity Analysis and Genome Sequencing Identify Xanthomonas perforans as the Pathogen of Bacterial Leaf Canker of Water Spinach (Ipomoea aquatic)

Ipomoea aquatica is a leafy vegetable widely cultivated in tropical Asia, Africa, and Oceania. Bacterial leaf canker disease has been attacking the planting fields and seriously affecting the quality of I. aquatica in epidemic areas in China. This study examined the microbial composition of I. aquatica leaves with classical symptoms of spot disease. The results showed that Xanthomonas was overwhelmingly dominant in all four diseased leaf samples but rarely present in rhizospheric soil or irrigation water samples. In addition, Pantoea was also detected in two of the diseased leaf samples. Pathogen isolation, identification, and inoculation revealed that both Xanthomonas sp. TC2-1 and P. ananatis were pathogenic to the leaves of I. aquatic, causing crater-shaped ulcerative spots and yellowing with big brown rot lesions on leaves, respectively. We further sequenced the whole genome of strain TC2-1 and showed that it is a member of X. perforans. Overall, this study identified X. perforans as the causal pathogen of I. aquatica bacterial leaf canker, and P. ananatis as a companion pathogen causing yellowing and brown rot on leaves. The correct identification of the pathogens will provide important basis for future efforts to formulate targeted application strategy for bacterial disease control.

Partial disintegration of vegetable cell wall during cooking improves vitamin K1 (Phylloquinone) bioaccessibility in in vitro digestion

Vegetables rich in vitamin K consumption could prevent bleeding and maintain bone status. The aims of the present work were to investigate i) the effect of household cooking (i.e., boiling for 5 min at 100 °C in distilled water and stir-frying for 3 min at 180 °C in hot canola oil) on phylloquinone bioaccessibility of five rich phylloquinone leafy vegetables, namely Water spinach (Ipomoea aquatic Forssk), Amaranth (Amaranthus blitum subsp. oleraceus L.), Chinese broccoli (Brassica alboglabra), Pak choi (Brassica rapa L.) and Drumstick (Moringa oleifera Lam.), and ii) the structural changes of these leaves before and after in vitro gastro-intestinal digestion. All the experiments were realized in triplicate for each vegetable. The amounts of phylloquinone in leafy vegetables were noticeable in almost all species and ranged from 94 to 182 μg/100 g DM. Their cell wall polysaccharide contents greatly varied from 4.3 to 8.4 g for 100 g. The content in bioaccessible phylloquinone was low in raw leaves (<25 μg/100 g DM) as well as its bioaccessibility (<15%). Leaf pectin content impaired phylloquinone bioaccessibility using principal component analysis. Boiling and stir-frying significantly improved the bioaccessibility of phylloquinone in leaves by a factor of three to twelve and two to seven respectively (p<0.05). These variations were associated with changes in leaf structure. Palisade and spongy cells appeared ruptured and disorganized after stir-frying. Given the estimated bioaccessibility of phylloquinones, the consumption of 500 g of cooked wet leaves per day would cover phylloquinone needs of an individual adult average body weight.

Phytoremediation of Detergent Levels in Waters Using Water Plants: Eichornia crassipes, Ipomoea aquatica, Pistia stratoites and Their Combinations

Research on phytoremidiation to reduce detergent waste in waters has been successfully carried out. The phytoremidiation process is carried out using aquatic plants: Eichornia crassipes, Ipomoea aquatica, Pistia stratoites, and their combinations. The treated water sample comes from the Ancar river Mataram, NTB. The research is experimental with a randomized block design, with the procedure: Water samples are planted with aquatic plants according to the research design which serves to absorb detergent waste. Detergent levels before and after the treatment of aquatic plants were observed using the MBAS (Methylen Blue Active Substance) method. The results showed that the three water plants used were able to reduce the concentration of detergents and improve the concentration of water quality parameters (pH, DO, BOD, and COD) and which had the best ability (73.60%) in absorbing detergents was a combination of Eichornia crassipes and Ipomoea aquatic the best accumulation time of absorption occurred in the period of 7 to 14.

Identifikasi Biodiversitas Tumbuhan Pada Lingkungan Akuatik di Sungai Kabupaten Jepara

<p>ABSTRAK<br />Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi biodiversitas tumbuhan pada lingkungan akuatik sungai di Kabupaten Jepara. Peneliti menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif dengan mengambil sampel empat plot stasiun penelitian secara purposive pada Sungai Batukali, Sungai Gerdu, Sungai Karang Aji dan Sungai Kedung Kabupaten Jepara. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan observasi, dokumentasi, identifikasi dan inventarisasi data kemudian dilakukan triangulasi sumber data untuk melakukan validasi dan analisis data lanjutan. Hasil penelitian mengungkap adanya biodiversitas tumbuhan air yang ditemukan disepanjang Daerah Aliran Sungai seperti Eichornia crassipes (eceng gondok), Nymphaea alba (teratai), Hydrilla verticillata (ganggeng), Ipomoea aquatic (kangkung), Nelumbo nucifera (seroja/lotus), Salvinia molesta (kiambang), Monochoria hastata (eceng), Echinodorus radicans (melati air), Sagittaria lancifolia (daun tombak). Dari tumbuhan akuatik yang ditemukan tersebut terdapat tumbuhan yang mendominasi pada stasiun tempat penelitian yaitu tumbuhan Eichornia crassipes dan Hydrilla verticillata.</p><p> </p>