Mass Balance Analysis of Bioethanol Production from Petai Peel (Parkia speciosa) through Enzymatic Process

The consumption of fuel for transportation is increasing during the last decade. Bioethanol is one of the renewable energy has a good opportunity to be applied when the lack of fossil fuel. Bioethanol is derived from the lignocellulose substance through a fermentation process. In this research, the lignocellulose came from the petai peel (Parkia speciosa). The peel was hydrolyzed using an enzyme and continuously fermented for 5 days. The aim of this research is to analyst the mass balance of the bioethanol production from petai peel (Parkia speciosa) through the enzymatic process. The enzyme used in this research are alfa amylase (10 ml) and glucoamylase (10 ml), also Saccharomyces cerevisiae used in the fermentation process. The result shows that the initial material of petai peel was 57 grams will produce bioethanol around 14 grams.

Influence of Enzyme Concentration and Hydrolysis Time on Soluble Protein Content of Protein Hydrolysate Prepared from Apple Snail (Pila ampullacea)

The objective of this study was to evaluate soluble protein content of protein hydrolysates obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis of apple snail using a trypsin enzyme. Apple snail were collected from traditional market at Pabean-Sidoarjo. Trypsin enzyme was used in enzymatic hydrolysis. The two variables, enzyme/substrate (E/S) ( 0.01, 0.05, 0.1) ratio and hydrolysis time (3 h, 6 h, 9 h, 12 h, 15 h, 18 h) and was used to produce the apple snail hydrolysate. The result showed that soluble protein content was about 2.3%-4.52%. The increase E/S ratio and hydrolysis time, the higher soluble protein content values was. The highest total soluble protein was achieved E/S 0.1 ratio at 12 h, 4.52%. But, after 12 h hydrolysis time, soluble protein was decreased. Optimum treatment to hydrolyzing apple snail using trypsin enzyme was E3H4 treated (E/S 0.1 ratio and 3 h)

Study of Proportion of Milk with Lesser Yam Filtrate and Starter Concentration for Producing Synbiotic Yoghurt

This study aimed to determine the effect of the proportion of cow's milk with lesser yam filtrate and starter concentration on the characteristics of synbiotic yoghurt. The research used a factorial completely randomized design (CRD) with two factors, factor I was the proportion of cow's milk with lesser yam filtrate (100:0; 60:40; 50:50; 40:60; 0:100) and factor II was the starter cocentration (3%, 5%, 7%). The data obtained were analyzed using analysis of variant (ANOVA) and if there was a significant difference between treatments, then continued with Duncan's test at the 5% level. Synbiotic yoghurt from proportion of cow's milk with lesser yam filtrate (50:50) and 5% starter concentration was the best treatment with total Lactic Acid Bacteria of 7.23 log CFU/ml; pH 4.20; total dietary fiber 3.05%, soluble fiber content 1.3%, inulin content 1.2%, fat content 0.41% and soluble protein content 2.66% with an average texture preference score of 6.13 (like much); taste core 6.02 (like much) and smell score 5.20 (like).

The Utilization of Lapindo Mud Waste for Aluminium Sulfate Production

The Lapindo mudflow disaster in East Java Province, or also known as LUSI (LUmpur “mud”-SIdoarjo) has become spectacular longest ongoing disaster in recent memory since 2006. The utilization of volcanic Lapindo mud could be the promising solution to prevent further environmental damage. The chemical composition of Lapindo mud contained of 44.1% SiO2, 23.7% Fe2O3, 13% Al2O3, 7.02% CaO, 5.35% MoO3, 2.53% K2O, 1.84% TiO2 and 0.7% Na2O. Aluminium sulfate (Al2(SO4)3) or “alum” have been widely used as coagulation compound in water treatment, paper and textiles industry. Aluminium sulfate can be synthesized from aluminium oxide (Al2O3) from Lapindo mud with acidic solutions (H2SO4). The aim of this work was to synthesize aluminum sulfate from Lapindo mud by using extraction process. The impact of H2SO4 concentration and heating time to the production of aluminium sulfate have been investigated. The results showed that the aluminium sulfate can be synthesized from Lapindo mud by using H2SO4. Based on XRF analysis, the variation of heating time and H2SO4 concentration affect the aluminium sulfate conversion. The increasing of heating time and H2SO4 concentration directly enhance the conversion until reach the optimum condition. The optimum condition for aluminium sulfate synthesis from Lapindo mud (75.78% conversion) was found to be 90 min for heating time with H2SO4 concentration of 80%

Reducing Peroxide Value In Used Cooking Oil Using Ampo As An Adsorbent

Cooking oil can only be used two or three times, more than that the oil is deemed unsuitable and can harm our health. The reason is, every time the cooking oil is used for frying, an oxidation reaction that is triggered by heat occured and causes the chemical chain bonds in cooking oil become unstable and forms hydroperoxides. The hydroperoxide found in used cooking oil increases the peroxide value. In which, the suitability of cooking oil is based on the peroxide value. In order to reduce the peroxide value in used cooking oil, in this study, Ampo is used as an adsorbent to adsorb the peroxide compound. The procedure used in this study includes a preliminary analysis of the used cooking oil to determine the initial peroxide value. After that, the Ampo adsorbent is activated with 1N Citric Acid to open the pores on the surface of the Ampo. Activated Ampo will then be mixed into 200 ml of used cooking oil with a magnetic stirrer with a stirring speed of 300 rpm and with a temperature of 50oC. The adsorption process was carried out by varying the mass variables of Ampo into 70, 75, 80, 85, and 90 grams, and stirring time of 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 minutes. After the adsorption process is completed, the cooking oil that has been filtered by the Ampo adsorbent will be analyzed to get the final peroxide value. By knowing the peroxide value before and after the adsorption process, the adsorption isotherm can be calculated. The adsorption process of used cooking oil with Ampo adsorbent proved to reduce the peroxide value, in which stirring times and adsorbent masses were the influential variables in the study. The best result was obtained with 60 minutes stirring time and mass of 75 grams. This condition provided a peroxide value of 0.99 meq/kg, which means that there was a decrease in the peroxide value by 93%. This result is in accordance with the provisions of SNI 3741-2013, with a maximum peroxide value of 10 meq/kg. The maximum adsorption capacity in this study was obtained from the Freundlich equation of 14.6487 mg/gram

Polymer Technology Outlook Study: Face Shields for Responding SARS-CoV2 Pandemic

The coronavirus disease 2019 (SARS-CoV2) has attracted most interest in current years due to the worst impact for the global public health. In this situation, the whole world requires wearing face shield and mask as the personal protective equipment, especially for medical personnel. Polymer technology have been introduced as a helping tool against SARS-CoV2 by producing healthcare product such as face shield as the first line of resistance due to it was cost effectiveness, sterile nature, versatility and easy to modify. This article clarifies the discussion about face shields in the polymer technology as the point of view and aims at providing a deeper understanding about polymer, polymeric material, synthesis methodology and its application for responding SARS-CoV2 pandemic in a form of face shields. The study of the synthesis route and methodology, chemical and physical properties of the polymer for face shields have also been described.

Warehouse layout Design in Manufacturing Industry

Manufacturing companies spend a significant amount of time and money designing or redesigning their facilities. It is an extremely important function that must be addressed before products are produced. Manufacturing company’s common problem is that they do not have a pattern for placing goods in their warehouse. It leads to problems such as difficulties when taking the product from storage. With storage procedures like this, it can make long total distance for loading and unloading the goods. Dedicated storage policy where storage is done at a certain location according to the type of item needs to be made. The advantage of this method is ease in finding goods as the location can be tailored to the shape of the goods. The research results show an efficiency of the displacement distance of 4117 m, the initial layout distance of moving goods is 5740 m, while in the proposed layout it is 1622 m.

Study on Factors Affecting Physicochemical Properties of Spray Dried Mango Powder Using Taguchi Experimental Design Approach

Mango is a common fruit in tropical countries. Due to its short shelf-life, it is important to study alternative preservation and consumption methods. In this study, concentrated mango juice was used to produce mango powder by using spray drying process. Four process parameters with three levels variation each, including initial total soluble solid content (13, 14, 15◦Brix), maltodextrin content (20, 25, 30% w/w), inlet air temperature (170, 190, 210◦C), and atomization pressure (4, 5, 6 bar) were studied. Taguchi approach of L-9 (34) array was used to design the experiments. Powder yield, moisture content, color difference, and solubility of the mango powder were investigated. It was found that maltodextrin content was the greatest factor affecting powder yield and color difference. The highest powder yield was 31.81%, and the least color difference (∆E) was 3.17. Inlet air temperature and atomization pressure were the most important factor affecting to moisture content and solubility, respectively, in which average moisture content was 2.98% (w.b.) and the highest solubility value was 94.66%. For the overall production process, it was concluded that maltodextrin content was the most important parameter, while total soluble solid content provided the least impact on spray dried mango powder properties.

The Effect of Resin and NH4OH Addition in The Making of Ammonium Silica Fertilizer from Geothermal Sludge

Geothermal sludge is a waste product from geothermal where it contains SiO2 which can be used as fertilizer. In this study, the making of silica ammonium fertilizer was carried out by taking salicy acid from geothermal sludge by extracting and adding resin which was then modified with NH4OH addition. Extraction was done using 1000 ml of KOH 1 N to dissolve 60 grams of Geothermal Sludge. Resins are added with variations in resin weight, namely, 5, 10, 20, 30, and 40 grams. NH4OH was added with variations in concentrations namely 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15% with a ratio of filtrate and NH4OH solution of 1: 1. The resulting ammonium silica inorganic liquid fertilizer products were analyzed for free silica and ammonia levels. The results of this study indicate that the levels of free silica and ammonia are influenced by the weight of the resin used and the concentration of ammonium hydroxide mixed. From the results of the research, it was found that inorganic silica liquid fertilizer with the highest SiO2 content in ammonium silica liquid fertilizer occurred when adding 20 grams of resin with the addition of NH4OH with a concentration of 15% which was 1,831.87 mg / L while the highest NH3 content in fertilizer liquid ammonium silica occurs when adding 40 grams of resin with the addition of NH4OH with a concentration of 15% which is equal to 252,312.80 mg / L.

Effect of Hydrolysis time and Papain Concentration on Some Properties of Apple Snail (Pilla ampullacea) Hydrolysate

content and total peptide content were investigated in the non-farmed freshwater apple snail (Pila ampullacea) to understand its nutritional potential as alternative umami taste enhancer. Apple Snail samples with removed gut content were collected from a local snail non-farm in Surabaya City. Papain enzyme was used. The two variables, hydrolysis time (3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 h) and enzyme concentration (1%, 5%, 10%), was used to produce the apple snail hydrolysate. The result showed that total soluble protein was about 2.1%-7.3%, whereas total peptide content was 5.05-15.73mg/ml. The highest total soluble protein was achieved at 12 hour. Longer hydrolysis time significantly effect on total peptide content of apple snail hydrolysate.