Ziemia Eryka Rudego. Duńsko-norweski spór o terytoria na wschodzie Grenlandii

Eric The Red’s Land cannot be found on contemporary maps. There are not many older cartographic publications in which such an area would be marked either. They were published in only one country, Norway, and for a limited time. This was the result of the territorial claims that Norway reported to parts of eastern Greenland. To locate the area in geographical space, the name of Eric The Red’s Land was used (Norwegian: Eirik Raudes Land). Norwegian claims to East Greenland met the strong opposition of Denmark. In the interwar period, it seemed that the verdict of the Permanent International Court of Justice in The Hague, adopted in 1933 and recognizing Denmark’s sovereignty over all of Greenland, had ended the dispute. However, during World War II, Norway raised the issue of the possession of eastern Greenland again. This happened at a time when both Nordic countries were occupied by Germany. The cooperation with Germany undertaken by “Arctic expansionists” ultimately intersected with Norwegian ambitions in the eastern part of Greenland.

Heroska pokoju dziecinnego. Pippi Pończoszanka jako głos rewolucji ideologicznej w literaturze dziecięcej

Astrid Lindgren’s Pippi Longstocking, designed as a radically subversive character, is the antichild. Given power and independence, she discloses culture-defined relations between children and adults and promotes a sentiment-free commentary that highlights the inherent status of inequality in these relations and the resulting oppression. Placed by the author at the top of the hierarchy, she subverts this oppression: all of a sudden, now it is adults that are exposed to the activities of the unpredictable, rollicking, carnivalesque girl. The result of this narrative device is laced with the intense, insolvable conflict of two antagonistic tribes: children and adults. In this war, Pippi plays a leading role. She is the heroine of the marginalized space of the nursery.

From Tabermann to Mr. Baudelaire. Allusions and popular culture references in the Finnish comic Northern Overexposure and their English translations

Comics, as other written works, contains allusions that serve many functions and might be difficult to translate due to cultural differences. The aim of this article is to analyse the selected allusions and popular culture references in the Finnish comic Northern Overexposure and compare the Finnish source text with the English target text. In addition, the function of these allusions as well as the relevant cultural background are covered. The examples were analysed with Ritva Leppihalme’s (1997) strategies for translating allusions. The article also provides insight into the Finnish field of comics and the translation process of the selected comic.

Działalność Poselstwa RP w Oslo w latach 1946–1947

The activity of the Polish Legation in Oslo in the years 1946–1947 is one of the most important and, at the same time, one of the most difficult periods in the history of Polish-Norwegian relations. The introduction explains the reasons for such a late sending of a Polish representative, Mieczysław Rogalski, to Norway. Section I presents the biography of Rogalski as well as the experience he gained while working for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The next section describes the negative attitude that the Polish diplomat had during his contacts with the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Utenriksdepartementet), especially in relation to further repatriation of Poles, which was started in autumn 1945 by the liaison officers of the Polish government in exile. Section III presents the diplomatic successes Rogalski had in his relations with Norwegian politicians and also indicates how good his orientation in Norway’s foreign policy was. Finally, the last section contains a description of Legation problems regarding mutual exchange of decorations and orders between Poland and Norway, including in particular political activities connected with the organization of celebrations commemorating the victory at Narvik.

Kwenowie – (nie)zapomniana mniejszość

The Kven People have lived in the North Cape area since ancient times. The first account of the Cwenas is to be found in Ohthere’s of Hålogaland account, which dates back to 890 C.E., and describes the existence of peoples living in Cwena land in the north of Sweden. Kven people are said to be descendants of Finnish peasants and fishermen who emigrated from the northern parts of Finland and Sweden to Northern Norway. The tax books from the sixteenth century indicate clearly that the Kven people lived permanently in the area of the Gulf of Bothnia. The Kvens were well integrated, and perceived as a valuable workforce. Still, tempestuous Russian history combined with Finnish dependency on the Russian Empire backfired on the perception of the Kvens in Norway, as they were seen as a menace to national security. As a result, they were made to go through a very strict assimilation process from the nineteenth century onwards. After WWII, their situation became somewhat better, but it still left much to be desired, since they were thought to collaborate with the USSR. The wind of change started to blow in 1996, when the Kvens were granted minority status in Norway, and in 2005 the Kven language was recognized as a minority language in Norway.

The Philosophy of History in Henrik Ibsen’s early works

The early works of Ibsen – which concentrate on historical issues from the old Norwegian past, using material from sagas, folk-tales, and songs – give us a picture of an author who is focused on a national programme. In accordance with the Romantic philosophy of history (historism), Ibsen uses its main categories of causation and explanation of the national past, mainly positing individual ideas as a major shaping force of the course of history and the impact of great personalities. At the same time, Ibsen presents the path for Norwegians to build a strong and independent nation, and the conditions that have to be fulfilled for that to happen.

Ingrid Vang Nyman i Pippi Pończoszanka, czyli o Pippi – dziecięcej rebeliantce – i Pus – duńskiej artystce, która dokonała rewolucji w szwedzkiej książce dla dzieci

This article focuses on Ingrid Vang Nyman’s illustrations to various books about Pippi Longstocking, written by Astrid Lindgren, ranging from novels through picturebooks to comics. The core of the paper is an analysis of the Danish artist’s style, her use of means of artistic expression, and her attitude towards avant-garde movements in Western art in the 1930s and 1940s. The text briefly covers Vang Nyman’s biography, and the influence of her Danish background, taking mainly the period of her studies at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts in Copenhagen into consideration. Analysis makes it possible to indicate three main features of Vang Nyman’s “Pippi works”, which are a specific construction of space, anti-classical aesthetics, and a selfdiscilplined use of basic colours taken from modern painting, e.g. Neo-Plasticism.

Sztuka starości. Dwa późne wiersze Pära Lagerkvista w kontekście liryku ***I’ sto rinchiuso come la midolla… Michała Anioła Buonarrotiego

The subject of this article is an analysis of two poems by Pär Lagerkvist from his late book Aftonland (1953) in a context which has not been considered in previous research, i.e. a poem I’ sto rinchiuso come la midolla… by Michelangelo Buonarroti. In his poems about old age and the aging artist, Lagerkvist is close to some of the crucial poetic images drawn by Michelangelo – an artist whom the Swede highly esteemed. Additionally, a Polish translation of the two poems (Gammal genius. Vid färdens sista rast…) is proposed.

E-sport och den svenska kulturen

The aim of this study is to familiarize readers with the term e-sports and to show the influence which selected elements of Swedish culture have had on it. The article explores the definition of e-sports, its history and actual state. I concentrated especially on a document named the Svensk e-sports Code of Conduct. Rules and tips contained in this document were made and gathered in order to support an open and welcoming environment in e-sports.

Jämställda nyheter. Kvinnans ställning i svenska nyhetsprogram

This article provides an insight into the contemporary level of gender equality that characterizes Swedish news programs. The study is based on available data and reports regarding women’s status in the newsroom, as well as their opportunities and access to the process of making news. The study analyses Swedish public service channels’ policy concerning women’s and men’s equal rights in the newsroom and the reflection of this in practice. The main aim of the article is to explore whether Swedish news is really as gender neutral as expected and what needs to be improved to achieve actual gender balance.