Understanding out-of-pocket spending and financial hardship among patients who succumb to cancer and their caregivers

Background In most countries, including those with national health insurance or comprehensive public insurance, some expenses for cancer treatment are borne by the ill and their families. Objectives This study aims to identify the areas of out-of-pocket (OOP) spending in the last half-year of the lives of cancer patients and examine the extent of that spending; to examine the probability of OOP spending according to patients’ characteristics; and to examine the financial burden on patients’ families. Methods 491 first-degree relatives of cancer patients (average age: 70) who died 3–6 months before the study were interviewed by telephone. They were asked about their OOP payments during the last-half year of the patient's life, the nature of each payment, and whether it had imposed a financial burden on them. A logistic regression and ordered logit models were used to estimate the probability of OOP expenditure and the probability of financial burden, respectively. Results Some 84% of cancer patients and their relatives incurred OOP expenses during the last half-year of the patient’s life. The average levels of expenditure were US$5800on medicines, $8000 on private caregivers, and $2800 on private nurses. The probability of paying OOP for medication was significantly higher among patients who were unable to remain alone at home and those who were less able to make ends meet. The probability of spending OOP on a private caregiver or private nurse was significantly higher among those who were incapacitated, unable to remain alone, had neither medical nor nursing-care insurance, and were older. The probability of a financial burden due to OOP was higher among those unable to remain alone, the incapacitated, and those without insurance, and lower among those with above-average income, those with better education, and patients who died at home. Conclusions The study yields three main insights. First, it is crucial that oncology services provide cancer patients with detailed information about their entitlements and refer them to the National Insurance Institute so that they can exercise those rights. Second, oncologists should relate to the financial burden associated with OOP care at end of life. Finally, it is important to sustain the annual increase in budgeting for technologies and pharmaceuticals in Israel and to allocate a significant proportion of those funds to the addition new cancer treatments to the benefits package; this can alleviate the financial burden on patients who need such treatments and their families.

Analisis Pendapatan dan Prospek Pemasaran pada Wirausahawan Fried Chicken di Kota Kendari

The best known broiler chicken meat product in urban communities is Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC). Seeing the business opportunity, entrepreneurs in Kendari City tried to make fried chicken similar to KFC products by labeling Kendari Fried Chicken (Kendari-FC) at a relatively affordable price of Rp 8.000 per piece compared to the KFC price of Rp 15.000 per piece. This study aims to analyze the marketing prospects of Kendari-FC entrepreneurs in Kendari City. The location of the research was determined purposively with the respondents of the study being kendari-FC entrepreneurs in kendari city who were determined by census. The results showed that the income of Kendari-FC entrepreneurs in Kendari City averaged Rp 5.066.458 per month or Rp 168.882 per day with an average income of Rp 36.276 per head. Kendari-FC's marketing prospects have the potential to be developed especially in West Kendari District because the average revenue from sales of each tail is Rp 48.105.40 per head. Keywords: Income; Kendari-FC; Marketing Abstrak Produk hasil olahan daging ayam broiler yang paling dikenal masyarakat perkotaan adalah Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC). Melihat peluang bisnis tersebut wirausahawan di Kota Kendari berupaya membuat ayam goreng yang mirip produk KFC dengan memberi label Kendari Fried Chicken (Kendari-FC) dengan harga relatif terjangkau yaitu Rp 8.000 per potong dibandingkan harga KFC Rp 15.000 per potong. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis prospek pemasaran wirausaha Kendari-FC di Kota Kendari. Lokasi penelitian ditentukan secara purposif dengan responden penelitian adalah wirausahawan Kendari-FC di Kota Kendari yang ditentukan secara sensus. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa pendapatan wirausahawan Kendari-FC di Kota Kendari rata-rata Rp 5.066.458 per bulan atau Rp 168.882 per hari dengan pendapatan rata-rata Rp 36.276 per ekor. Prospek pemasaran Kendari-FC berpotensi dikembangkan terutama di Kecamatan Kendari Barat karena rata-rata pendapatan dari hasil penjualan setiap ekor sebesar Rp 48.105.40. Kata kunci: Kendari-FC; Pemasaran; Pendapatan

Income analysis of integrated farming system of dairy cow breeding farm, earthworms (Lumbricus rubellus), and citrus sinensis Valencia farm. Case study in Dau District, Malang Regency, East Java, Indonesia

The integrated farming system between dairy cow breeding, earthworms (Lumbricus rubellus), and citrus (Citrus sinensis valencia) plantations provides regular income for farmers and sustainable farming. This research aims to analyze farmers’ income based on the integrated farming system that has been done on these three commodities. This study utilized quantitative and qualitative methods to analyze data. Data were collected through questionnaires to 15 farmers who are members of Gading Kulon Farmer Group in Dau District, Malang Regency, East Java, Indonesia followed by in-depth interviews with key respondents. The study showed that dairy cow breeding provided annual income which contributed up to 58% of household income. Meanwhile, earthworm farming provides weekly income and twice a year income for citrus farming. Depending on the land area, Earthworms farming contributed up to 10% of household income, and citrus plantation was 33%, depending on the land area owned by farmers. The average income of Dairy cow breeding was Rp. 163,308,000 per year; the Average Income of earthworms was Rp. 27,058,000 per year, and the average income of citrus plants was 92,480,000 per year. However, integrated farming of these commodities does not work well in the community due to farmers’ lack of land and capital. Moreover, most respondents indicated that they were interested only in citrus farming because it is easier compared to dairy cow breeding and earthworm farming. Good cooperation from various parties is needed to increase the importance of integrated farming with these three commodities for sustainable farming in Indonesia.

The impact of the volume of sugar cane on the wages of workers in the sugarcane refinery, ketol district, Aceh central regency

Sugarcane (Saccharum Offcinarum L) is one of the important commodities for making sugar which has become a necessity for industry and households. Sugarcane which is processed into sugar granules or often known as brown sugar is located in the Ketol District, Central Aceh Regency. Central Aceh Regency, especially in Ketol District, West Blang Mancung Village, is one of the sugar cane producers. Sugarcane is an annual plant that has its own characteristics, because in the stem there is sugar, sugarcane plants belong to the grass family (Gramenia) such as rice, corn and others. Linear regression analysis is an indirect approach that is used to measure the effect of the volume of sugarcane juice on the wages of workers in the sugar mill Sulaiman Ali sugarcane mill, Ketol District, Central Aceh Regency. The results of the linear regression analysis obtained from the research results are the equation = 7179,497 + 14,464 X1. Where it means that every increase in the total volume of sugarcane juice by 14,464 will increase the wage income of milling workers at the Sulaiman Ali sugarcane refinery, Ketol District, Central Aceh Regency, amounting to Rp. 14,464 /person with an average income of Rp. Rp 34,656.25/person/one production process.

Morphometric Evaluations and Yields from Commercial Cuts of Black Pacu Colossoma macropomum (Cuvier, 1818) in Different Body Weights

For the Amazon, it is important to encourage the production of native fish, since there are several species of zootechnical interest. For this, it is necessary to know the species since its acquisition, production, processing, and marketing. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze the yield, correlations, and profitability of different cuts of black pacu (Colossoma macropomum) in five weight categories. Data from 220 black pacus were obtained, with a weight range of 2725 ± 1975 g. Yields of commercial cuts and morphometric measurements were evaluated in five weight classes. Kruskal–Wallis test (α = 0.05) was used to compare the average income. And, to verify the correlation between the morphometric measures and the yields, Spearman’s correlation was performed (α = 0.05). To obtain the profit of the weight classes due to the cut produced, an economic analysis was carried out considering the cost of buying the fish. Yields of fillet, ribs, and steak were higher in classes 3 and 4, while in the same classes, the yield of residues was the lowest. Despite classes 1, 2, and 5 showing lower yields, the economic analysis presented that the production of fillet and ribs was profitable. The measures of total length and standard length have a high positive correlation with the yield of meat in all classes, as well as the average circumference and caudal circumference in classes 1, 2, and 4, which can be used to determine the yields of this commercial cut.

Analisis Kelayakan Usaha Ternak Ayam Arab Petelur Di Desa Leppangang Kecamatan Patampanua Kabupaten Pinrang

Penelitian ini bertujuan 1) untuk mengetahui besar biaya dan pendapatan rata-rata peternak dalam usaha ternak ayam arab petelur di Desa Leppanggang Kecamatan Patampanua Kabupaten Pinrang. 2) untuk mengetahui tingkat kelayakan usaha ternak ayam arab petelur ditinjau dari aspek finansial. 3) untuk menentukan tingkat kelayakan usaha ternak ayam arab petelur ditinjau dari aspek nonfiansial : aspek pemasaran, manajemen, teknis, hukum, sosial dan lingkungan. Jenis data dalam penelitian ini ada 2 yaitu data kualitatif dan data kuntitatif dan teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan yaitu metode observasi, kuesioner, dan wawancara serta sumber data yang digunakan yaitu sumber data primer dan sekunder. Analisis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Statsitik deksriptif dan skala likert. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bawah pendapatan rata-rata peternak ayam arab petelur senilai Rp. 9.200.644/ bulan, Tingkat kelayakan usaha beternak ayam arab petelur ditinjau dari analisis penerimaan atas biaya ( R/C Rasio) diperoleh sebesar 2,7 hal tersebut manandakan bahwa usaha tersebut termasuk kedalam kategori Layak karena hasil R/C Ratio >1, sehingga dapat dikatakan usaha tersebut Layak untuk di kembangka dan Layak secara Finansial, Sedangkan berdasarkan hasil analisis tingkat kelayakan usaha ternak ayam arab petelur ditinjau dari aspek pemasaran, manajemen, teknis, hukum, sosial dan lingkungan, maka hasil penelitian menunjukkan secara kualitatif, hasil yang diperoleh rata-rata menunjukkan pada kategori Setuju sehingga secara kualitatif masuk kedalam kategori Layak secara Nonfinansial. This study aims 1) To determine the cost and average income of farmers in the laying hens business in Leppanggang Village, Patampanua District, Pinrang Regency. 2) To determine the level of feasibility of laying hens in terms of financial aspects. 3) To determine the feasibility level of laying hens in terms of non-financial aspects: marketing, management, technical, legal, social and environmental aspects. There are 2 types of data in this study, namely qualitative data and quantitative data and the data collection techniques used are observation, questionnaire, and interview methods and the data sources used are primary and secondary data sources. Analysis of the data used in this study is descriptive statistics and Likert scale. The results showed that the average income of laying arab chicken breeders was Rp. 9,200,644/month, the feasibility level of raising laying hens in terms of revenue analysis on costs (R/C Ratio) is 2.7, which indicates that the business is included in the Eligible category because the results of the R/C Ratio are >1, so it can be said that the business is feasible to be developed and financially feasible, while based on the results of the analysis of the feasibility level of laying arab chickens in terms of marketing, management, technical, legal, social and environmental aspects, the results of the study show qualitatively, the results obtained are average. The average indicates the Agree category so that qualitatively it is included in the Non-financially Eligible category.

ANALISIS PENDAPATAN USAHA TERNAK SAPI POTONG DI KECAMATAN LETTI KABUPATEN MALUKU BARAT DAYA

This research was aimed at studying income level and feasibility of cattle farming in Letti District South West Maluku Regency. The research was conducted on April – May 2020 in three sample villages, namely Batumiau, Laitutun and Desa Tutuwaru. Survey method was applied to thirty cattle herders as respondents, who were chosen through a snow-ball method. Data were both qualitatively and quantitatively collected by applying direct observation and interview through a questionnaire. The results showed that average income of the cattle herders was IDR. 18.616.667 annually with R/C ratio 3.67. It was concluded that the beef cattle farm provided a profit of Rp. 13,552,275,-/ farmer/ year and it is feasible to continue to be developed.

An Agent-Based Model for Tertiary Educational Choices in Italy

Although the low level of tuition fees and the absence of other access barriers, Italy is characterized by low educational attainments at the university level. This work models the choice of young Italians to attend university or leave education and enter the labor market, by making use of an agent-based model that reproduces the Italian higher education and policy system. The aim is to analyze the determinants behind university enrollment decisions possibly causing the low level of attainment and explore three alternative scenarios that propose the expansion of financial support and the increase in the average income gap between skilled and unskilled individuals. The model implies that the individual preference to enroll at university depends upon (i) economic motivations, represented by the expectations on future income, which are formed through interaction within individuals’ social network; (ii) influence from peers; (iii) effort of obtaining a university degree. Results show that the model can reproduce observable features of the Italian system, and highlights low income levels and the following full resort to regional scholarships. Experimented scenarios show that policies expanding financial support to education are ineffective, while an increase in the gap between average income of skilled and unskilled workers leads to an increase in enrollment in university, signaling that labor market policies may be more effective than educational policies in raising the number of students in higher education.

Analisis Mahasiswa Program Studi Pendidikan Geografi dalam Perspektif Spasial sebagai Upaya Penjaringan Mahasiswa Baru

<p class="StyleAuthorBold"><strong>Abstrak</strong></p><p>Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui profil dan menganalisis persebaran spasial mahasiswa Program Studi Pendidikan Geografi angkatan 2016-2019. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskriptif. Bentuk penelitian survei dengan responden sebanyak 196. Teknik pengambilan data menggunakan komunikasi tidak langsung, alat yang digunakan adalah angket. Data yang digunakan yaitu nama, asal, agama, jenis kelamin, pendidikan terakhir, pekerjaan, dan pendapatan orang tua. Teknik pengambilan sampel dengan <em>stratified sampling</em>. Teknik analisis data menggunakan deskriptif kuantitatif dan persentase. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan mahasiswa Program Studi Pendidikan Geografi paling banyak beragama Islam 95 orang; berjenis kelamin wanita 144 orang; pendidikan dari SMA Jurusan IPS 166 orang; pekerjaan orang tua petani 96 orang; penghasilan rata-rata orang tua Rp760.000,00/bulan; informasi tentang Program Studi Pendidikan Geografi paling banyak didapatkan dari saudara sebanyak 74 orang; motivasi masuk karena berkeinginan untuk mengetahui seluk beluk bumi sebanyak 64 orang. Persebaran mahasiswa Program Studi Pendidikan Geografi menunjukkan pola distribusi yang menyebar.</p><p> </p><p class="StyleAuthorBold"><strong><em>Abstract</em></strong></p><p><em>This research aimed to determine the profile and analyze the spatial distribution of students from the 2016-2019 Geography Education Study Program. The research method used descriptive. The form of the survey with 196 respondents. The data collection technique used indirect communication, the tool used is a questionnaire. The data used name, origin, religion, gender, last education, occupation, and parents' income. The sampling technique used stratified sampling. The data analysis technique used descriptive quantitative and percentage. The results showed that the most students of the Geography Education Study Program were 95 Muslims; female sex 144 people; education from SMA majoring in Social Sciences 166 people; the occupation of the farmer's parents were 96 people; the average income of parents was Rp.760,000.00/month; Information about the Geography Education Study Program was mostly obtained from relatives as many as 74 people; The motivation to enter was because they want to know the ins and outs of the earth 64 people. The distribution of students from the Geography Education Study Program showed a distributed distribution pattern.</em></p>

Kajian Usahatani Cabai Merah di Desa Mendalo Indah Kecamatan Jambi Luar Kota Kabupaten Muaro Jambi

Red chili is one of the horticultural commodities that are commercially cultivated and become one of the strategic commodities. The commodity is used as a householdfood necessity and a pharmaceutical raw material, although productivity and price often fluctuate. This study aims to (1) Counting the cost and receipt of red chili farming in Mendalo Indah village Jambi district outside the city of Muaro Jambi. (2) Analyzing the large income of red chili farming in Mendalo Indah Village, Jambi District Outside Muaro Jambi Regency. This study used primary data of as many as 50 red chili farmers who were taken deliberately (purposive), considering that only Mendalo Indah Village was conducting sustainable red chili farming activities in the Jambi district outside the city. The method of population retrieval used in this study is by census method. The data analysis method used quantitative analysis. Based on the results of the research obtained that the average total cash cost is Rp 16,905,304/farmer/MT and Rp 23,359,273/ha/MT and the unpaid fee (taken into account) is Rp 8,255,687/farmer/MT and Rp 12,322,293/ ha/MT. The average revenue obtained by farmers is Rp 98,071,560/farmer/MT and Rp.146,294,776/ha/MT. so that the average income amounted to Rp 81,166,256/ farmer/MT and Rp 121,143,605/ha/MT. In the future, farmers are expected to manage agricultural inputs by implementing good agricultural practices to increase productivity further.