Choose Your Enemies Well: Mapping, Managing, and Leveraging Rivalry

There is an important constraint that can be used to regulate mobility in competitive labor markets—the existence of a deeply felt rivalry between employers. Rivalry denotes a stable antagonistic relationship between companies, as exemplified by Apple and IBM in the 1980s. Analyzing data from the Palio di Siena (an ancient horse race in Siena, Italy), this article shows that direct moves between rivals are rare, accounting for less than 2% of all career moves in this context between 1743 and 2011. Rivalry constrains not only direct but also indirect moves to the ally of a rival or the rival of an ally. This article presents a framework describing how managers can harness rivalry: mapping rivalry, managing rivalry to capitalize on its positive aspects, and leveraging rivalry to adjust the level of competitive intensity.

Impact of gender on the career development of female traditional Korean medicine doctors: a qualitative study

ObjectiveThis study aims to examine the impact of gender and expected gender roles on the career development of young female traditional Korean medicine (KM) doctors.DesignWe conducted semistructured interviews to examine the experiences of study subjects regarding early career choices, employment, job performance and career moves, as well as future career aspirations, from the perspective of gender. The transcription was analysed using the Strauss and Corbin constant comparative analysis method.SettingThe interview was conducted at a quiet and comfortable place selected by the participants in South Korea.ParticipantsTen female KM doctors in their 30s participated in the study.ResultsThis study reveals that, initially, the participating female KM doctors were unaware of their gender affecting career decisions. However, after graduation and during employment, female doctors experienced direct discrimination or gender segregation while selecting areas of treatment and specialty; they found that they were preferred to work in paediatrics and dermatology departments than in departments treating musculoskeletal health problems. Furthermore, after entering the workforce, female KM doctors found that their gender significantly affects patient–doctor relationships and life events, such as pregnancy and childbirth require temporary career breaks. In addition, female KM doctors assumed stereotypical gender roles both in the workplace and at home, as well as becoming the main nurturer of their children.ConclusionGender and stereotyped gender roles affect the overall career planning, career moves and even patient–doctor relationships of female KM doctors. Female doctors were also more likely to experience specific gender roles in the workplace and at home, including both childbirth and childrearing.

Introduction

Work on the intellectual history of philosophy, rights and politics is a palimpsest of many underlying inscriptions. Such work is written upon and with (or against) the historical legal, political and religious orders characteristic of national settlements and transnational networks. It is also written on top of unresolved intellectual and ideological conflicts that materially affect the flows of scholarship. Also visible just beneath the surface of such writing are the scholarly networks through which reflection on the history of national and transnational legal and political thought is shaped by academic affiliation, disciplinary training, publication outlets, intellectual and ideological commitments, and friendships. The papers collected in this volume are all to some degree tied to a particular, if loose and expansive scholarly network whose two poles were initially formed by Sussex School intellectual history and Cambridge School history of political thought. The book grew out of a symposium dedicated to honouring the work of Knud Haakonssen in the history of natural law, natural rights, human rights, religion and politics from the sixteenth to the nineteenth centuries. That an expatriate Danish scholar should have played a pivotal role in this network might seem surprising at first sight. Nonetheless, the fact that Haakonssen’s orbital career moves through so many mediating points – crossing national, disciplinary, intellectual and ideological borders – holds the key to viewing the present array of chapters, each of which is tethered to the network at a particular point in Haakonssen’s scholarly transit. The collection thus offers an unusually wide and variegated overview of the legal and political contexts in which rights and duties have been formulated, bringing together an array of regional, national and transnational cases. Nonetheless, these cases and contexts remain centred on Knud Haakonssen’s trademark interests in the role of natural law in formulating doctrines of obligation and rights in accordance with the interests of early modern polities and churches. ...

On SSK and Conversing with Scientists: Eugénia Rodrigues Talks with Michael J. Mulkay

Mike Mulkay takes Eugénia Rodrigues through a journey that revisits his involvement in the Sociology of Scientific Knowledge and STS. They talk dates, career moves, foundational work, books, and how it all started with a denied visa application from the US. Running under this formalistic level, though, other themes emerge: the notion of a “field” and its meaning in STS; the observed lack of epistemological and methodological rigor in research practice; Mulkay’s unsuccessful (on his own account) project on the literary forms or his unfazed take on the work produced by the “Edinburgh School.” It is a fascinating expedition and one that reveals some very present-day questions for STS, not least about the meanings of engagement and reflexivity. A reflection by Eugénia Rodrigues follows the interview.

Exploring the Possible Influence of Women’s Entrepreneurial Orientation (EO) on Their Decision to Opt Out from Organizational Career to Self-Employment

The purpose of this study is to explore the possible influence of women’s entrepreneurial orientations (EO) on their decision to opt out from organizational careers to self-employment. It examines how women account for these transitions, reasons for opting for self-employment and experiences of self-employment. This research employs the qualitative methodology using semi-structured interviews as the main data collection tool. The study revealed that the entrepreneurial orientations of the women under study are commonly associated with the generally successful entrepreneurial behaviour of risk-taking, creative, proactive, competitive, aggressive and confidence. This suggests that enterprises and their women owners may benefit from efforts to increase their levels of entrepreneurial orientation in order to survive the dynamic, fast-paced and complex business environment characterized by shorter life cycles, globalization, and continuous improvements in technology. Hence for the women under study with higher entrepreneurial orientation levels, their transitions from their organizational career to self-employment or small business ownership are seen as attractive career moves. Keywords: Women’s careers, entrepreneurial orientation, opting out

When the Managerial Merry-go-round Stops: A Case Study of how Disconfirming Experiences Affect the Identities of Expert Football Managers

Due to the highly competitive nature of top-level football (i.e., top domestic league or international standard) expert football managers often undergo several disconfirming experiences throughout their careers (e.g., job loss, public criticism, unsuccessful interviews or career moves). However, little is known about how such experiences impact identity. Therefore, the following case study aims explore the affect, if any, disconfirming experiences had on the identities and self-concept of three former top-level football managers. Narrative constructs reveal that during disconfirming episodes’ managers experience feelings of anger, a loss of self-respect, disappointment, and sadness. Further, they also report how confusion regarding their future career prospects leaves them in a state of identity limbo (i.e., identity interference), whereby they were unsure as to how, when or if they should cease their commitment to a valued identity.