An ecosystem view of English word-formation

This article takes a function-to-form approach to word-formation in present-day English and argues that the ecosystem metaphor can help morphologists see competition in word-formation and its resolution in a new light. The analysis first draws correspondences between four lexical functions (transcategorial, transconceptual, evaluative, and compacting) and ten formal operations (prefixation, suffixation, compounding, blending, morphostasis, stress shift, clipping, desuffixation, initialization, and replication) and concludes that there is no across-the-board interoperation competition to encode each function, but rather a fairly complementary distribution of the operations between the four functional subsystems. Each functional subsystem is then reviewed in turn and it is shown that, again, there is no full-scale competition at this level, but rather some fairly pronounced tendencies towards complementariness, and, in one case, also towards combination. The broad division of labor within each subsystem can, remarkably, be accounted for in different terms: the conditioning is primarily semantic (with formal subconsiderations) in the transcategorial and transconceptual subsystems while it is formal in the evaluative and compacting subsystems.

Intimations of a Spiritual New Age. IV. Carl Jung’s Archetypal Imagination as Futural Planetary Shamanism

This series of papers on early anticipations of a spiritual New Age ends with Carl Jung’s version of a futural planetary-wide unus mundus rejoining person and cosmos, based on his psychoid linkage of quantum physics and consciousness, and especially on the neo-shamanic worldview emerging out of his spirit guided initiation in the more recently published Red Book. A cognitive-psychological re-evaluation of Jung’s archetypal imagination, the metaphoricity of his alchemical writings, and a comparison of Jung and Levi-Strauss on mythological thinking all support a contemporary view of Jung’s active imagination and mythic amplification as a spiritual intelligence based on a formal operations in affect, as also reflected in his use of the multi-perspectival synchronicities of the I-Ching. A reconsideration of Bourguignon on the larger relations between trance and social structure further supports the neo-shamanic nature of Jung’s Aquarian Age expectations.

Rule Interaction Conversion Operations

Different types of interactions between pairs of phonological rules can be converted into one another using three formal operations that we discuss in this article. One of these conversion operations, rule re-ordering (here called swapping), is well-known; another, flipping, is a more recent finding (Hein et al., 2014). We introduce a third conversion operation that we call cropping. Formal relationships among the members of the set of rule interactions, expanded by cropping beyond the classical four (feeding, bleeding, counterfeeding, and counterbleeding) to include four more (mutual bleeding, seeding, counterseeding, and merger), are identified and clarified. We show that these conversion operations exhaustively delimit the set of possible pairwise rule interactions predicted by conjunctive rule ordering (Chomsky & Halle, 1968), and that each interaction is related to each of the others by the application of at most two conversion operations.

Operations management of the MSMEs

This paper refers to a study of micro and small companies belonging to the State of Mexico, whose objective is to study their operations management and identify the main threats and weaknesses they face in a competitive market. In general, MSMEs do not have a formal operations manage-ment, functions in the various functional areas are done intuitively, according to the knowledge and experience of the owners of the company or those in charge at that time. This makes it harder to grow and stay in a market as competitive and uncertain as it currently exists.

Cultura e desenvolvimento: reavaliando o problema do pêndulo

A teoria piagetiana sobre o pensamento operatório-formal apresenta uma série de problemas metodológicos e perguntas teóricas não respondidas, que precisam ser analisados, para que se possa atingir uma melhor compreensão acerca do pensamento adolescente e adulto. Isso significa que ainda existe uma necessidade de estudos mais compreensivos e de experimentos mais objetivos para se determinar os reais componentes do pensamento operatório-formal e detectar o papel de variáveis como classe social, cultura, sexo, QI, educação e treinamento no desenvolvimento desse tipo de raciocínio. Tendo como base um procedimento quantitativo para a avaliação do pensamento operatório-formal a partir da tarefa piagetiana do pêndulo, no presente trabalho foram investigados: 1) um sistema mais detalhado para a avaliação de uma tarefa operatório-formal e 2) o desempenho de sujeitos com diversas faixas etárias (10 a 14 anos e adultos) e diferentes tipos de experiências socioculturais e educacionais (pedreiros e universitários de Ciências Humanas e Exatas). Os resultados obtidos mostraram ser o novo sistema de avaliação quantitativa do pensamento operatório-formal um procedimento mais eficaz do que o tradicional piagetiano, no que diz respeito à diferenciação do pensamento de indivíduos de diversas idades ou experiências socioculturais. Também foram observadas nuanças do efeito da experiência sociocultural sobre o desempenho na tarefa do pêndulo, o qual mostrou-se seletivo quanto ao componente do pensamento formal a ser modificado. Palavras-chave: Piaget; problema do pêndulo; operações formais; cultura. Abstract The Piagetian theory about formal reasoning presents a series of methodological problems and unanswered theoretical questions that must be analysed in order to attain a better understanding about the thinking of adolescents and adults. This means that there is still a need for studies with greater comprehensiveness and objectiveness for one to determine the actual components of formal reasoning and detect the role of variables such as social class, sex, IQ, education and training in the development of this kind of reasoning. Based on a quantitative procedure for the evaluation of formal thinking from the Piagetian task of the pendulum, the present work investigated: 1) a more detailed system for the evaluation of tasks involving formal operations and 2) the performance of subjects of several ages (from 10 to 14 years-old and adults) and different kinds of social, cultural and educational experiences (masons and university students in the fields of exact and human sciences). The results obtained showed that the new system for the quantitative evaluation of formal reasoning has a greater degree of efficacy with regards to the differentiation between the thought processes of individuals of different age groups or social-cultural experiences than the traditional Piagetian procedure. Also, observations were made as to the subtle effect of social-cultural experiences on the individual's performance on the pendulum task, an effect that presented itself as being selective to the formal component to be modified. Keywords: Piaget; pendulum problem; formal operations; culture.

Dialectical Thinking: Logics and Psychology

The article is devoted to the relation of logic and psychology of dialectical thinking. It provides three lines of understanding of dialectical thinking: dialectical thinking as a form of developing content, based on the resolution of oppositions; dialectical thinking as postformal stage of intelligence; dialectical thinking as a form of operating relationships of the opposites. Each approach has its own applications to the organization of educational practice. The first approach is presented by the works of E.V. Il'enkov, B.M. Kedrov, P.V. Kopnin and other authors. On a meaningful understanding of dialectics V.V. Davydov developed his methodology of developmental learning. The second approach in the study of dialectical thinking was largely shaped by J.Piaget’s operational concept of the intellect. K. Riegel argued that the development of thinking cannot stop at the stage of formal operations. Later on, the subject develops a more complex form of cognition — dialectical thinking. Representatives of the postformal understanding of dialectical thinking apply it in trainings for the development of professional thinking in adult subjects as well as in psychotherapy. In Russian psychology it has been shown that dialectical thinking acts as the individual’s independent ability to operate with opposites that can be developed starting from preschool age.

The hunger striker: a case for embodied visuality

‘Image operations’ immediately evokes the rich scholarship on new media technologies, be they satellite or drone images. Their shadow occludes another mode of image mobilisation: the formation of popular movements against state and corporate hegemonies. At the centre of such mobilisation lies an ‘embodied visuality’, harnessing spectatorial senses to the image and forging collectivity among those held in its thrall. A theory of embodied visuality indexes the social power of the image, a power perhaps most potent in the icon. Focusing on one kind of iconic image, visceral and sensuous, this chapter considers the image operations of the hunger striker in forging the popular. It looks at the anti-governmental campaign launched in the name of Irom Sharmila, the iron lady of Manipur, and asks: What is the nature of Sharmila’s appeal? Can we argue it has something to do with the formal operations of the image or its specific historical materiality? Can its operation be generalized beyond the historical context of Manipur?