scholarly journals Nitrogen cycling in pastoral livestock systems in Sub‐Saharan Africa: knowns and unknowns

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria Carbonell ◽  
Lutz Merbold ◽  
Eugenio Díaz‐Pinés ◽  
Thomas P.F. Dowling ◽  
Klaus Butterbach‐Bahl
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Cycling ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Livestock Systems

THE PARADOX OF LIMITED MAIZE STOVER USE IN INDIA'S SMALLHOLDER CROP-LIVESTOCK SYSTEMS

2011 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 677-704 ◽  
Author(s):  
OLAF ERENSTEIN ◽  
ARINDAM SAMADDAR ◽  
NILS TEUFEL ◽  
MICHAEL BLÜMMEL
Keyword(s):  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Food Preferences ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Apparent Paradox ◽  
Maize Stover ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Development Agents ◽  
Cereal Residues ◽  
Livestock Systems

SUMMARYCereal residues are an important feed source for ruminants in smallholder crop-livestock systems in the (sub)tropics. In many areas of India maize is a relatively new cash crop where farmers and development agents alike generally perceive maize stover to have limited utility, in contrast with the intensive feeding of other cereal residues in India and the intensive use of maize stover in sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America. A comparative assessment of maize stover quality (based on a brief review and a feeding trial) indeed confirms its potential as a ruminant feed according to its relative nutritive value. The paper then explores the apparent paradox through a scoping study of maize stover use (based on village surveys) in three contrasting maize-growing districts in India – including both traditional and non-traditional maize producers. The limited maize stover use appears to alleviate seasonal shortages, with tradition and technology helping explain the preferential use of other cereal residues. The paper thereby provides further impetus to India's apparent food-feed paradigm – whereby farmers’ staple food preferences coincide with crop residue feed preferences. The paper argues the case for investing in maize stover R&D in India and thus reigniting earlier feed research in general. Indeed, maize stover use is a relatively neglected area by India's agricultural R&D and merits more attention so as to exploit its potential contribution and alleviate eventual tradeoffs.

scholarly journals Climate change adaptation and mitigation in smallholder crop–livestock systems in sub-Saharan Africa: a call for integrated impact assessments

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. 2331-2343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katrien Descheemaeker ◽  
Simon J. Oosting ◽  
Sabine Homann-Kee Tui ◽  
Patricia Masikati ◽  
Gatien N. Falconnier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Climate Change Adaptation ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Livestock Systems ◽  
Adaptation And Mitigation

scholarly journals Conservation Agriculture in mixed crop–livestock systems: Scoping crop residue trade-offs in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia

2012 ◽  
Vol 132 ◽  
pp. 175-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego Valbuena ◽  
Olaf Erenstein ◽  
Sabine Homann-Kee Tui ◽  
Tahirou Abdoulaye ◽  
Lieven Claessens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Asia ◽  
Crop Residue ◽  
Conservation Agriculture ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Mixed Crop ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Livestock Systems

Integrated crop-livestock systems in sub-Saharan Africa: an option or an imperative?

1997 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 237-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.W. Smith ◽  
A. Naazie ◽  
A. Larbi ◽  
K. Agyemang ◽  
S. Tarawali
Keyword(s):  
Resource Use ◽  
Labour Productivity ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Agricultural Growth ◽  
Livestock Feeds ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Livestock Systems ◽  
Competition For Resources

Rapid growth of the human and livestock populations in sub-Saharan Africa is creating unprecedented increases in food and feed demands. These population pressures on a fixed landbase are likely to promote severe competition for resources and drive agriculture progressively towards intensification. Integrated crop-livestock systems, already common in the highlands, are expected to evolve rapidly elsewhere. Research is required to develop technological alternatives which promote better resource use through synergies from crop-livestock integration. Maintenance of soil fertility and provision of livestock feeds appear to be the main areas of reciprocal benefits, while animal traction may be an option for increasing land and labour productivity. In this paper we assess the challenge facing sub-Saharan agriculture and the potential contribution of crop-livestock integrated systems towards agricultural growth and sustainability.

scholarly journals African livestock systems research, 1975-2018.

2020 ◽  
pp. 515-600
Author(s):  
John McIntire ◽  
Caroline Bosire ◽  
Tim Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Organizational Changes ◽  
Systems Research ◽  
Long Term Trends ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Livestock Systems ◽  
Research Institute

Abstract Livestock systems research (LSR) at the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) sought to answer two questions: (1) What are the major livestock systems in the sub-Saharan Africa tropics and subtropics? (2) What technical and organizational changes can be introduced into these systems to make them productive? This chapter reports the answers of decades of research at ILRI, its predecessors and its principal partners to these questions. The chapter also examines the scientific and development impacts of LSR since the 1970s, and whether the development impacts of LSR be distinguished from long-term trends in African livestock systems.

Enabling the uptake of livestock - water productivity interventions in the crop - livestock systems of sub-Saharan Africa

2009 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tilahun Amede ◽  
Kim Geheb ◽  
Boru Douthwaite
Keyword(s):  
Final Section ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Eastern Africa ◽  
Political Systems ◽  
Agricultural Systems ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Successful Change ◽  
Livestock Systems

Livestock–water productivity (LWP) refers to a set of innovations that could contribute towards reducing the amount of water needed per unit of output generated. But what does it take to get these ideas adopted by livestock keepers in crop–livestock systems? In this paper, we treat LWP as an innovation, and consider in what ways it may be introduced and/or developed among the crop–livestock agricultural systems by drawing on successful examples of change. In the first part of this paper, we introduce relevant tenets of the innovation systems literature, and introduce a three-component conceptual framework for the adoption of LWP technologies. In the second part, we describe three successful cases of resources use change. In the final section, we identify what we consider to be necessary components in successful change, and relate these to LWP. We argue that, in the under-regulated crop–livestock systems of eastern Africa, key areas for focus include social institutions, political systems, gender and leadership.

Effect of intensification on feed management of dairy cows in the Central Highlands of Kenya

2004 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 167-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Romney ◽  
C. Utiger ◽  
R. Kaitho ◽  
P. Thorne ◽  
A. Wokabi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Residues ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Intensive Management ◽  
Dual Purpose ◽  
Crop Fields ◽  
Important Constraint ◽  
Feed Management ◽  
Mixed Crop ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Livestock Systems

In sub-Saharan Africa mixed crop-livestock systems predominate in the semi-arid, sub-humid and cool highland zones. In these areas, systems intensify and crops and livestock become increasingly integrated as the human population increases and land becomes a more important constraint than labour (Boserup, 1965; McIntireet al., 1992). As intensification progresses, use of crop residues moves from open access to crop fields, following harvest, to labour intensive management of cereals as dual-purpose crops.

Classification of Cattle and Small Ruminant Production Systems in Sub-Saharan Africa

2003 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 183-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joachim Otte ◽  
Pius Chilonda
Keyword(s):  
Small Ruminant ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Smallholder Dairy ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Livestock Systems ◽  
Mixed Systems ◽  
Livestock Development

This paper presents a classification of cattle and small ruminant production systems in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). A review of literature has shown that there can be as many classifications of livestock systems as there are criteria to classify them, hence the need for a systematic classification to aid the analysis of livestock development in SSA. Agroecological zones principally determine cattle and small ruminant production systems in SSA. A classification of cattle and small ruminant systems is presented based on the length of growing period, rainfall, cropping and mean temperature during the growing period. The main traditional ruminant production systems are grassland-based (pastoral) systems, occurring mainly in areas with less than 90 days of plant-growing period, and mixed production systems occurring in areas with more than 90 days of plant growing. Mixed systems can be further differentiated on the basis of temperature during the growing period, into lowland mixed systems (semi-arid mixed, subhumid mixed and humid mixed) and highland mixed systems (highland mixed and smallholder dairy system, which is a non-traditional system). The non-traditional ruminant production systems are ranching and smallholder dairy systems. The authors conclude that, although a further categorization of livestock systems at individual country level may be produced, the classification presented here could be a basis for the analysis of livestock production in Sub-Saharan Africa, especially in livestock development analyses in which the individual livestock system is the unit of analysis.

RTS,S/AS01, a vaccine targeting pre-erythrocytic stages of Plasmodium falciparum

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
pp. 533-537
Author(s):  
Lorenz von Seidlein ◽  
Borimas Hanboonkunupakarn ◽  
Podjanee Jittmala ◽  
Sasithon Pukrittayakamee
Keyword(s):  
Protective Efficacy ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
European Medicines Agency ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Pivotal Phase ◽  
Malaria Epidemiology ◽  
Maximum Benefit ◽  
Sub Saharan

RTS,S/AS01 is the most advanced vaccine to prevent malaria. It is safe and moderately effective. A large pivotal phase III trial in over 15 000 young children in sub-Saharan Africa completed in 2014 showed that the vaccine could protect around one-third of children (aged 5–17 months) and one-fourth of infants (aged 6–12 weeks) from uncomplicated falciparum malaria. The European Medicines Agency approved licensing and programmatic roll-out of the RTSS vaccine in malaria endemic countries in sub-Saharan Africa. WHO is planning further studies in a large Malaria Vaccine Implementation Programme, in more than 400 000 young African children. With the changing malaria epidemiology in Africa resulting in older children at risk, alternative modes of employment are under evaluation, for example the use of RTS,S/AS01 in older children as part of seasonal malaria prophylaxis. Another strategy is combining mass drug administrations with mass vaccine campaigns for all age groups in regional malaria elimination campaigns. A phase II trial is ongoing to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of the RTSS in combination with antimalarial drugs in Thailand. Such novel approaches aim to extract the maximum benefit from the well-documented, short-lasting protective efficacy of RTS,S/AS01.

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