Syntheses of 6-O-ethyl/methyl-celluloses via ring-opening copolymerization of 3-O-benzyl-6-O-ethyl/methyl-α-d-glucopyranose 1,2,4-orthopivalates and their structure–property relationships

Cellulose ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 1179-1185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Kamitakahara ◽  
Toshihiro Funakoshi ◽  
Shinji Nakai ◽  
Toshiyuki Takano ◽  
Fumiaki Nakatsubo
Keyword(s):  
Ring Opening ◽  
Structure Property ◽  
Ethyl Methyl ◽  
Structure Property Relationships

scholarly journals Expanding Monomers as Anti-Shrinkage Additives

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 806
Author(s):  
Philipp Marx ◽  
Frank Wiesbrock
Keyword(s):  
Ring Opening ◽  
Covalent Bond ◽  
Volumetric Shrinkage ◽  
Structure Property ◽  
Atomic Packing ◽  
Materials Properties ◽  
Volumetric Expansion ◽  
Structure Property Relationships ◽  
Ring Opening Reaction ◽  
Measuring Techniques

Commonly, volumetric shrinkage occurs during polymerizations due to the shortening of the equilibrium Van der Waals distance of two molecules to the length of a (significantly shorter) covalent bond. This volumetric shrinkage can have severe influence on the materials’ properties. One strategy to overcome this volumetric shrinkage is the use of expanding monomers that show volumetric expansion during polymerization reactions. Such monomers exhibit cyclic or even oligocyclic structural motifs with a correspondingly dense atomic packing. During the ring-opening reaction of such monomers, linear structures with atomic packing of lower density are formed, which results in volumetric expansion or at least reduced volumetric shrinkage. This review provides a concise overview of expanding monomers with a focus on the elucidation of structure-property relationships. Preceded by a brief introduction of measuring techniques for the quantification of volumetric changes, the most prominent classes of expanding monomers will be presented and discussed, namely cycloalkanes and cycloalkenes, oxacycles, benzoxazines, as well as thiocyclic compounds. Spiroorthoesters, spiroorthocarbonates, cyclic carbonates, and benzoxazines are particularly highlighted.

Structure property relationships in linear and cross-linked poly(imidonorbornenes) prepared using ring opening metathesis polymerisation (ROMP)

Polymer ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 42 (23) ◽  
pp. 9413-9422 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.J Hine ◽  
T Leejarkpai ◽  
E Khosravi ◽  
R.A Duckett ◽  
W.J Feast
Keyword(s):  
Ring Opening ◽  
Structure Property ◽  
Structure Property Relationships

Synthesis and properties of polyimides from 1,4-bis(4-amino-2-phenylphenoxy) benzene and 4,4′-bis(4-amino-2-phenylphenoxy) biphenyl

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (8) ◽  
pp. 783-792 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atsushi Morikawa ◽  
Fumi Miyata ◽  
Jun Nishimura
Keyword(s):  
Ring Opening ◽  
Mechanical Analysis ◽  
Ring Opening Polymerization ◽  
Dielectric Constants ◽  
Structure Property ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Structure Property Relationships ◽  
Step Procedure

Diamines, namely, 1,4-bis(4-amino-2-phenylphenoxy) benzene (1) and 4,4′-bis(4-amino-2-phenylphenoxy) biphenyl (2), were synthesized from 4-fluoro-3-phenyl nitrobenzene. Two series of polyimides were synthesized from these diamines with nine types of dianhydrides by a conventional two-step procedure that included ring-opening polymerization in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone and subsequent thermal cyclic dehydration. The polyimides were characterized by x-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetry and dynamic mechanical analysis. The polyimides from 1 and 2 had a glass transition temperature in the range of 221–254°C and 222–271°C, respectively, and all the polymers were amorphous. The structure–property relationships of these polyimides were examined and compared with those of the previously prepared analogous polyimides from the bis(4-amino-2-biphenyl)ether (3). Water absorption and dielectric constants ( ∊) of the polyimides were compared and discussed on the basis of imide content per repeating unit.

Structure-property relationships of PE/PP sandwiched films

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 454-455
Author(s):  
J. Petermann ◽  
G. Broza ◽  
U. Rieck ◽  
A. Jaballah ◽  
A. Kawaguchi
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Tests ◽  
Polymer Materials ◽  
Ionic Crystals ◽  
Structure Property ◽  
Polymer Systems ◽  
Structure Property Relationships ◽  
Oriented Films ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Polymer Laminates ◽  
Heated Glass

Oriented overgrowth of polymer materials onto ionic crystals is well known and recently it was demonstrated that this epitaxial crystallisation can also occur in polymer/polymer systems, under certain conditions. The morphologies and the resulting physical properties of such systems will be presented, especially the influence of epitaxial interfaces on the adhesion of polymer laminates and the mechanical properties of epitaxially crystallized sandwiched layers.Materials used were polyethylene, PE, Lupolen 6021 DX (HDPE) and 1810 D (LDPE) from BASF AG; polypropylene, PP, (PPN) provided by Höchst AG and polybutene-1, PB-1, Vestolen BT from Chemische Werke Hüls. Thin oriented films were prepared according to the method of Petermann and Gohil, by winding up two different polymer films from two separately heated glass-plates simultaneously with the help of a motor driven cylinder. One double layer was used for TEM investigations, while about 1000 sandwiched layers were taken for mechanical tests.

Approaches for TEM imaging of cavitation in toughened nylon

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 352-353
Author(s):  
Barbara A. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Structure Property ◽  
Polymer Systems ◽  
Selective Staining ◽  
Structure Property Relationships ◽  
Rubber Toughened ◽  
Shear Yield ◽  
Controversial Topic ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Diamond Knife

A controversial topic in the study of structure-property relationships of toughened polymer systems is the internal cavitation of toughener particles resulting from damage on impact or tensile deformation.Detailed observations of the influence of morphological characteristics such as particle size distribution on deformation mechanisms such as shear yield and cavitation could provide valuable guidance for selection of processing conditions, but TEM observation of damaged zones presents some experimental difficulties.Previously published TEM images of impact fractured toughened nylon show holes but contrast between matrix and toughener is lacking; other systems investigated have clearly shown cavitated impact modifier particles. In rubber toughened nylon, the physical characteristics of cavitated material differ from undamaged material to the extent that sectioning of heavily damaged regions by cryoultramicrotomy with a diamond knife results in sections of greater than optimum thickness (Figure 1). The detailed morphology is obscured despite selective staining of the rubber phase using the ruthenium trichloride route to ruthenium tetroxide.

Catalyst Halogenation Enables Rapid and Efficient Polymerizations with Visible to Near-Infrared Light

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Stafford ◽  
Dowon Ahn ◽  
Emily Raulerson ◽  
Kun-You Chung ◽  
Kaihong Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Transient Absorption ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Infrared Light ◽  
Structure Property ◽  
Light Emitting ◽  
Structure Property Relationships ◽  
Nir Light ◽  
Light Intensities ◽  
Emission Quenching

Driving rapid polymerizations with visible to near-infrared (NIR) light will enable nascent technologies in the emerging fields of bio- and composite-printing. However, current photopolymerization strategies are limited by long reaction times, high light intensities, and/or large catalyst loadings. Improving efficiency remains elusive without a comprehensive, mechanistic evaluation of photocatalysis to better understand how composition relates to polymerization metrics. With this objective in mind, a series of methine- and aza-bridged boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY) derivatives were synthesized and systematically characterized to elucidate key structure-property relationships that facilitate efficient photopolymerization driven by visible to NIR light. For both BODIPY scaffolds, halogenation was shown as a general method to increase polymerization rate, quantitatively characterized using a custom real-time infrared spectroscopy setup. Furthermore, a combination of steady-state emission quenching experiments, electronic structure calculations, and ultrafast transient absorption revealed that efficient intersystem crossing to the lowest excited triplet state upon halogenation was a key mechanistic step to achieving rapid photopolymerization reactions. Unprecedented polymerization rates were achieved with extremely low light intensities (< 1 mW/cm<sup>2</sup>) and catalyst loadings (< 50 μM), exemplified by reaction completion within 60 seconds of irradiation using green, red, and NIR light-emitting diodes.

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