Application of the principle of calculated risk to scheduling of supplemental irrigation, II. Use on flue-cured tobacco

1971 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 325-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.H. Allen ◽  
J.R. Lambert
Keyword(s):  
Supplemental Irrigation ◽  
Calculated Risk

Skin exposure: requirements to methods determining active ingredient of pesticides in washings

2019 ◽  
pp. 43-48
Author(s):  
V. N. Rakitskii ◽  
N. E. Fedorova ◽  
I. V. Bereznyak ◽  
N. G. Zavolokina ◽  
L. P. Muhina
Keyword(s):  
Lower Limit ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Absorbed Dose ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Safety Coefficient ◽  
Limit Value ◽  
Calculated Risk ◽  
Nature Studies ◽  
Active Substances

The article presents results of studies exemplified by diquat on analysis concerning influence of lower limit value of quantitative assessment in washing sample for safety coefficient in exposure and in absorbed dose, if acting substance is absent in workplace ambient air samples and in dermal washings of workers. To control diquat in dermal washings, there is a method based on ion-pair liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (working wavelength 310 nm). To concentrate sample, cartridges for solid-phase extraction, containing ion exchange sorbent (Oasis MCX 6cc/500 mg), are used. Lower limit of assessment in washing sample — 0,15 micrograms. Experimentally set washing completeness is within range of 80–92%, standard deviation of repetition is 7,0% at most. The method created was tested in nature studies determining dermal exposure in workers subjected to 5 various preparations based on diquat dibromide when used for surface spraying from tractor and from aircraft. For lower limit of detection in washing sample (0,15 micrograms/washing), calculated risk value of exposure varied within 0,26–0,36; risk of absorbed dose was low — 0,23 (the allowable one ≤1). Findings are that present measuring methods which provide lower limit of detection 1 and 5 micrograms in washing sample could result in unallowable risk establishment even with absence of the substance in all samples of workplace air and dermal washings. The calculation formula suggested enables to give theoretic basis for requirements to lower limit of detecting active substances in dermal washing samples for evaluating risk of pesticides use in agriculture.

Annual Evapotranspiration and Crop Coefficients of Ligustrum japonica Growing in Three Container Sizes

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 512c-512
Author(s):  
R.C. Beeson
Keyword(s):  
Reference Evapotranspiration ◽  
Actual Evapotranspiration ◽  
Rooted Cuttings ◽  
Supplemental Irrigation ◽  
Mean Size ◽  
Crop Coefficients ◽  
Marketable Size

The objective of this study was to determine crop coefficients (KC) for Ligustrum japonica growing in three container sizes using the Penman equation to calculate reference evapotranspiration (ETR). Rooted cuttings were transplanted into 3-liter containers and upcanned as needed into 10- and 23-L containers. Production was scheduled such that a series of plants in each container size were about 2 months from commercial marketable size every 4 months. Beginning 1 Jan. 1995 until 31 Dec. 1996, three uniform plants of each size were suspended in weighing lysimeters and surrounded by similar size plants filling an area 3.7 by 4.9 m. Plants within each area were overhead irrigated at 2000 h as needed, based on a 30% moisture allowed deficit. Plants were exchanged every 4 months such that the annual mean size was that of a marketable plant. Actual evapotranspiration (ETA) was calculated from half-hour measurements of each plant's weight and adjusted for rainfall. From these and daily calculated ETR, KC were determined for each size of container. KCs ranged from 1.06 to 1.50 when ETA was converted to mm/day based on allocated bed space. Comparisons of volumes of supplemental irrigation to ETA and effects of assumptions required in converting ETA to mm/day will be discussed.

Influence of Pruning and Irrigation on Root Longevity of `Concord' Vines

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 511a-511
Author(s):  
L.H. Comas ◽  
D.M. Eissenstat ◽  
A.N. Lakso ◽  
R. Dunst
Keyword(s):  
Fine Roots ◽  
Fine Root ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Root Production ◽  
Root Dynamics ◽  
Supplemental Irrigation ◽  
Root Longevity ◽  
Root Lifespan ◽  
Median Lifespan

Improved cultural practices in grape require a better understanding of root growth and physiology. Seasonal root dynamics were examined in mature `Concord' vines with balanced or minimal-pruning, and with or without supplemental irrigation in Fredonia, N.Y. Fine roots were continuously produced during the growing season starting in mid-June around time of bloom. Roots began to die in September at verasion. Minimal-pruned vines produced more roots than balanced-pruned vines, with the minimal-pruned/unirrigated vines producing the most roots. Irrigation and pruning delayed fine root production at the beginning of the growing season. Peak fine root flush was 16 June to 21 July 1997 for the minimal-pruned/unirrigated treatment, while peak flush was 7 July to 2 Sept. 1997 for balanced-pruned/irrigated treatment. In minimal-pruned vines, many roots were observed down to depths of 120 cm. In contrast, balanced-pruned vines had very few fine roots deeper than 40 cm. From initial observations, median lifespan of fine roots was 5 to 9.5 weeks, depending on treatment and depth in soil. Fine roots lived longer in the top 15-cm than in the 16- to 30-cm layer of soil in all treatments. Both minimal pruning and irrigation increased root lifespan. Fine roots had the shortest lifespan in the balanced-pruned/unirrigated treatment and the longest lifespan in the minimal-pruned/irrigated treatment.

scholarly journals Risk Estimate of Duodenoscope-Associated Infections in The Netherlands

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. s436-s437
Author(s):  
M. Vos ◽  
Judith Kwakman ◽  
Marco Bruno
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
National Database ◽  
Clinical Infection ◽  
Minimum Risk ◽  
Medical Practitioners ◽  
Healthcare Facilities ◽  
Calculated Risk ◽  
Original Calculation ◽  
Bare Minimum

Background: The likelihood of endoscopy-associated infections (EAIs) is often referenced from a paper published in 1993 by Kimmery et al1 in which a risk of 1 exogenous infection for every 1.8 million endoscopies (0.00006%) is proclaimed. Even though Ofstead et al2 pointed out in 2013 that this was at least an underestimation by 6-fold because of erroneous assumptions and mathematical errors, the original calculation is still often referred to. In the past decade, multiple outbreaks of multidrug-resistant microorganisms (MDROs) related to contaminated duodenoscopes have been reported worldwide. This leads to the assumption that the former risk calculation is indeed incorrect. Objective: We calculated the duodenoscope-associated infection (DAI) risk for the Dutch ERCP practice. Methods: We searched and consolidated all Dutch patients reported in the literature to have suffered from a clinical infection linked to a contaminated duodenoscope between 2008 and 2018. From a national database, the number of ERCPs performed per year in The Netherlands were retrieved. Actual numbers were available from 2012 to 2018. Numbers from 2008 to 2011 were estimated and assumed to be equal to 2012. Results: In 2008–2018, 3 MDRO outbreaks in Dutch hospitals were reported in the literature, with 21 patients suffering from a clinical infection based on a microorganism proven to be transmitted by a duodenoscope. In that period, ∼203,500 ERCP procedures were performed. Hence, for every 9,690 procedures, 1 patient developed a clinically relevant infection (DAI risk, 0.010%). Conclusions: The risk of developing a DAI is at least 30–180 times higher than the risks that were previously reported for all types of endoscopy-associated infections. Importantly, the current calculated risk of 0.010% constitutes a bare minimum risk of DAI because endoscope-related infections are underreported. Apart from DAI risk, a patient is also at risk of becoming colonized with a microorganism through contaminated endoscopes but without developing symptoms of clinical infection. These data call for consorted action of medical practitioners, industry, and government agencies to minimize and ultimately eliminate the risk of exogenous endoscope-associated infections and contamination. As a first step, the FDA recently recommended that healthcare facilities and manufacturers begin transitioning to duodenoscopes with disposable components.3Funding: NoneDisclosures: None

Rain-fed fig trees response to supplemental irrigation timing and potassium fertiliser in micro-catchment

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Tooraj Honar ◽  
Ali Shabani ◽  
Mohammad Abdolahipour ◽  
Neda Dalir ◽  
Ali Reza Sepaskhah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Supplemental Irrigation ◽  
Fig Trees

scholarly journals A literature review and meta-analysis of safety profiles of SGLT2 inhibitors in Japanese patients with diabetes mellitus

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Junichi Mukai ◽  
Shinya Kanno ◽  
Rie Kubota
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Japanese Patients ◽  
Sglt2 Inhibitors ◽  
Patients With Diabetes ◽  
Language Restriction ◽  
Calculated Risk ◽  
Favorable Safety ◽  
Type 1 Dm

AbstractThe safety profiles of sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors may depend on races/ethnicities. We aimed to assess the safety profiles of SGLT2 inhibitors in Japanese patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). The electronic databases MEDLINE, CENTRAL, and Ichushi-web were searched for studies with no language restriction from their inception to August 2019. Trials were included in the analysis if they were randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the effects of SGLT2 inhibitors with a placebo in Japanese patients with DM > 18 years and reporting HbA1c and at least 1 adverse event. We calculated risk ratios with 95% CIs and used a random-effects model. Of the 22 RCTs included in our review, only 1 included patients with type 1 DM. The durations of RCTs ranged between 4 and 24 weeks. In comparison with a placebo, SGLT2 inhibitors were associated with similar risks of hypoglycemia, urinary tract infection, genital infection, hypovolemia, and fracture. The outcomes of treatment with SGLT2 inhibitors among Japanese patients with DM suggest favorable safety profiles. However, further evidence from studies with a longer duration, involving more diverse populations, such as patients with different types of DM, or including individual SGLT2 inhibitors is needed to resolve the limitations of the present study.

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