Interrelations between various blood pressure regulatory systems and the mosaic theory of hypertension

1979 ◽  
Vol 28 (19) ◽  
pp. 2867-2882 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahesh C. Khosla ◽  
Irvine H. Page ◽  
F.Merlin Bumpus
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Regulatory Systems ◽  
Mosaic Theory

Pathophysiology of Hypertension

2021 ◽  
Vol 128 (7) ◽  
pp. 847-863 ◽  
Author(s):  
David G. Harrison ◽  
Thomas M. Coffman ◽  
Christopher S. Wilcox
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Organ Damage ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Sodium Homeostasis ◽  
Circulation Research ◽  
Raise Blood Pressure ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
Constant Feature ◽  
Mosaic Theory

Dr Irvine Page proposed the Mosaic Theory of Hypertension in the 1940s advocating that hypertension is the result of many factors that interact to raise blood pressure and cause end-organ damage. Over the years, Dr Page modified his paradigm, and new concepts regarding oxidative stress, inflammation, genetics, sodium homeostasis, and the microbiome have arisen that allow further refinements of the Mosaic Theory. A constant feature of this approach to understanding hypertension is that the various nodes are interdependent and that these almost certainly vary between experimental models and between individuals with hypertension. This review discusses these new concepts and provides an introduction to other reviews in this compendium of Circulation Research .

scholarly journals The endocrine system in chronic nitric oxide deficiency

2007 ◽  
Vol 156 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Félix Vargas ◽  
Juan Manuel Moreno ◽  
Rosemary Wangensteen ◽  
Isabel Rodríguez-Gómez ◽  
Joaquín García-Estañ
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Blood Pressure Response ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
No Production ◽  
Regulatory Systems ◽  
Reported Study ◽  
Nitric Oxide Deficiency ◽  
Glucose And Lipid Homeostasis

The experimental model of chronic inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production has proven to be a useful tool to study cardiovascular and renal lesions produced by this type of hypertension, which are similar to those found in human hypertension. It also offers a unique opportunity to study the interaction of NO with the humoral systems, known to have a role in the normal physiology of vascular tone and renal function. This review provides a thorough and updated analysis of the interactions of NO with the endocrine system. There is special focus on the main vasoactive factors, including the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, catecholamines, vasopressin, and endothelin among others. Recent discoveries of crosstalk between the endocrine system and NO are also reported. Study of these humoral interactions indicates that NO is a molecule with ubiquitous function and that its inhibition alters virtually to all other known regulatory systems. Thus, hypothyroidism attenuates the pressor effect of NO inhibitor N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, whereas hyperthyroidism aggravates the effects of NO synthesis inhibition; the sex hormone environment determines the blood pressure response to NO blockade; NO may play a homeostatic role against the prohypertensive effects of mineralocorticoids, thyroid hormones and insulin; and finally, NO deficiency affects not only blood pressure but also glucose and lipid homeostasis, mimicking the human metabolic syndrome X, suggesting that NO deficiency may be a link between metabolic and cardiovascular disease.

scholarly journals The interaction of genetic and environmental factors in the etiology of hypertension

2009 ◽  
pp. S33-S42 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Kuneš ◽  
J Zicha
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Essential Hypertension ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Research Effort ◽  
Epigenetic Inheritance ◽  
Complex Trait ◽  
Medical Problem ◽  
Regulatory Systems ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors

Essential hypertension is a major risk factor for several cardiovascular diseases. It is a complex trait resulting from the interactions of multiple genetic and environmental factors. Moreover, not only genetic but also epigenetic inheritance plays a significant role. One can speculate that hypertension develops as a consequence of “errors” in well-coordinated regulatory systems of blood pressure. Errors in the cascade of molecular, biochemical and genetic processes, which regulate blood pressure, have finally enough potential to result in hypertension. Numerous environmental factors surrounding the organism during its development should influence the expression of genetic information. However, despite the considerable research effort, it is still difficult to identify all genes and/or other genetic determinants leading to essential hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases. This is mainly because these diseases usually become a medical problem in adulthood, although their roots might be traced back to earlier stages of ontogeny. The link between distinct developmental periods (e.g. birth and adulthood) should involve changes in gene expression involving epigenetic phenomena. The purpose of the present paper is to bring a piece of light on gene-environmental interactions potentially implicated in the pathogenesis of hypertension.

Augmentation of the push-pull effect by terminal aortic occlusion during head-down tilt

2003 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 159-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy L. Hakeman ◽  
Jami L. Shepard ◽  
Don D. Sheriff
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Inferior Vena Cava ◽  
Inferior Vena ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
Vascular Occlusion ◽  
Vertical Acceleration ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Regulatory Systems ◽  
Gravitational Stress ◽  
Head Up Tilt

Tolerance to positive vertical acceleration (Gz) gravitational stress is reduced when positive Gz stress is preceded by exposure to hypogravity, which is called the “push-pull effect.” The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that baroreceptor reflexes contribute to the push-pull effect by augmenting the magnitude of simulated hypogravity and thereby augmenting the stimulus to the baroreceptors. We used eye-level blood pressure as a measure of the effectiveness of the blood pressure regulatory systems. The approach was to augment the magnitude of the carotid hypertension (and the hindbody hypotension) when hypogravity was simulated by head-down tilt by mechanically occluding the terminal aorta and the inferior vena cava. Sixteen anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats were instrumented with a carotid artery catheter and a pneumatic vascular occluder cuff surrounding the terminal aorta and inferior vena cava. Animals were restrained and subjected to a control gravitational (G) profile that consisted of rotation from 0 Gz to 90° head-up tilt (+1 Gz) for 10 s and a push-pull G profile consisting of rotation from 0 Gz to 90° head-down tilt (-1 Gz) for 2 s immediately preceding 10 s of +1 Gz stress. An augmented push-pull G profile consisted of terminal aortic vascular occlusion during 2 s of head-down tilt followed by 10 s of +1 Gz stress. After the onset of head-up tilt, the magnitude of the fall in eye-level blood pressure from baseline was -20 ± 1.3, -23 ± 0.7, and -28 ± 1.6 mmHg for the control, push-pull, and augmented push-pull conditions, respectively, with all three pairwise comparisons achieving statistically significant differences ( P < 0.01). Thus augmentation of negative Gz stress with vascular occlusion increased the magnitude of the push-pull effect in anesthetized rats subjected to tilting.

scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STRESS FACTOR AND FUNCTIONAL STATE OF CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM IN ADOLESCENTS

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 194-197
Author(s):  
O.A. Shaposhnyk ◽  
V.M. Sokolenko ◽  
N.S. Kopyt’ko ◽  
T.I. Shevchenko ◽  
I.P. Kudrya
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Arterial Hypertension ◽  
Cardiovascular System ◽  
Functional State ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
Stroop Test ◽  
Stress Factor ◽  
Regulatory Systems ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Relationship

A variety of factors influence the performance of schoolchildren. The main factors are psycho-emotional stress and systematic physical activity that requires a constant tension of body's regulatory systems aimed at mobilizing the functional body reserves. The analysis of blood pressure enables to estimate quantitative and qualitative changes in the regulation of the cardiovascular system. The combination of the Stroop test and the monitoring of the cardiovascular system make it possible to assess not only attention and cognitive function parameters, but the phases of the stress response of regulatory systems as well. The purpose of the study was to analyze the relationship between stress factor and the functional state of adolescent cardiovascular system. In the context of stress factor (Stroop test), the circulatory system of students gets activated, and its indicators vary differently among boys and girls. At rest, girls have the lowest performance of the circulatory system. Before the test, heart rates vary in boys and girls in different ways. In the course of our study, we have found out a direct relationship between heart rate, blood pressure before and after psycho-emotional load that testifies the predominance of the sympathoadrenal system activity. We have revealed the arterial hypertension is determined by physiological and social factors. Prevention of arterial hypertension in existing standards of schools requires reconsidering and improving of educational approaches, especially in terms of physical education.

Resolving the composite trait of hypertension into its pharmacogenetic determinants by acute pharmacological modulation of blood pressure regulatory systems

2003 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takahiro Ueno ◽  
Johanne Tremblay ◽  
Jaroslav Kunes ◽  
Josef Zicha ◽  
Zdenka Dobesova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Pharmacological Modulation ◽  
Regulatory Systems

Vascular recovery following hemorrhage in the dogfish shark Squalus acanthias

1984 ◽  
Vol 246 (5) ◽  
pp. R825-R828 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Carroll ◽  
D. F. Opdyke ◽  
N. E. Keller
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Aortic Pressure ◽  
Plasma Norepinephrine ◽  
Major Mechanism ◽  
Alpha Adrenergic Receptors ◽  
Regulatory Systems ◽  
Norepinephrine Concentration ◽  
Dogfish Shark ◽  
Catecholamine Concentration

Cardiovascular regulatory systems were examined in the dogfish shark after hemorrhage of 1% of body weight. An immediate 45% decrease in mean dorsal aortic pressure and delayed increases in plasma epinephrine concentration and plasma norepinephrine concentration were noted. During the recovery period following hemorrhage, the catecholamine levels peaked (epinephrine 203% of control, norepinephrine 148% of control) and then returned toward control values. Hematocrit, however, continued to decline as blood pressure recovered. Phentolamine pretreatment, which in itself caused a 55% decrease in dorsal aortic pressure, did not prevent the recovery of blood pressure after hemorrhage. This study indicates that 1) hemorrhage causes an increase in circulatory catecholamine concentration, possibly by a baroreceptor reflex; 2) volume recruitment, as indicated by the drop in hematocrit, is a major mechanism contributing to the recovery of dorsal aortic pressure after hypotension; and 3) alpha-adrenergic receptors are not necessary for the recovery of dorsal aortic pressure after hemorrhage.

scholarly journals FUNCTIONAL STATE OF OMON FIGHTERS BEFORE AND AFTER TRIP

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-73
Author(s):  
I. G. Solonin ◽  
N. G. Varlamova ◽  
N. A. Vakhnina ◽  
T. P. Loginova ◽  
A. Yu. Liudinina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Functional State ◽  
Activity Index ◽  
Free Radical Oxidation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Physiological Status ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
The North ◽  
Regulatory Systems ◽  
Before And After

Introduction. The study of the physiological status of representatives of power structures at different stages of service is very relevant.Purpose: a comprehensive assessment of the functional state of the body of OMON fighters before and after a 4-month business trip on perform a special task associated with health and life risks. Materials and methods. 34 OMON fighters of the Komi Republic were examined before the trip and after a 4-month trip to the North Caucasus, where they constantly experienced stress. To assess the functional state of the body, a complex of anthropometric, physiometric, psychophysiological, physiological and biochemical studies was used.Results and its discussion. Before the trip, the fighters showed an increase in the time of the visuomotor reaction, the index of functional changes, the myocardium index, the centralization index, the activity index of regulatory systems, blood pressure indicators and other changes that indicate the activation of free radical oxidation processes, and the appearance in individuals of prenosological and even premorbid conditions. In most of the examined patients, a shift in the autonomic balance was found towards strengthening the sympathetic link in the regulation of heart rhythm. Hypovitaminosis was found in many fighters. After a trip, the functional state deteriorated in most indicators (increased blood pressure, personal anxiety, cholesterol, etc., decreased life index and hemoglobin content, etc.) and the number of people with depleted regulatory systems almost doubled.Conclusion. In general, the body of OMON fighters experiences increased functional stress with signs of obvious stress both before a trip to an area dangerous for health and life, and in the first days after returning to places of permanent residence in the North. In this regard, they need additional health and rehabilitation measures related to optimization of the regime of work and rest, activation of physical education, rationalization of nutrition and strengthening the work on the psychological impact. 

Evaluation of two methods of teaching blood pressure measurement

1988 ◽  
Vol 52 (9) ◽  
pp. 519-521
Author(s):  
NK Nordstrom ◽  
S Longenecker ◽  
HL Whitacre ◽  
FM Beck
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Pressure Measurement ◽  
Blood Pressure Measurement
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