Magma-chamber volume changes associated with ring-fault initiation using a finite-sphere model: Application to the Aira caldera, Japan

2009 ◽  
Vol 471 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 58-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shigekazu Kusumoto ◽  
Agust Gudmundsson
Keyword(s):  
Magma Chamber ◽  
Sphere Model ◽  
Volume Changes ◽  
Model Application ◽  
Ring Fault ◽  
Chamber Volume ◽  
Finite Sphere

scholarly journals Magma chamber volume change required for initial caldera (ring-fault) formation

2009 ◽  
Vol 115 (12) ◽  
pp. 625-634
Author(s):  
Shigekazu Kusumoto ◽  
Agust Gudmundsson ◽  
Keiji Takemura
Keyword(s):  
Magma Chamber ◽  
Volume Change ◽  
Ring Fault ◽  
Chamber Volume

A critical magma chamber size for volcanic eruptions

Geology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 431-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meredith Townsend ◽  
Christian Huber
Keyword(s):  
Magma Chamber ◽  
Scaling Law ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Elastic Response ◽  
Chamber Pressure ◽  
Pressure Drops ◽  
Chamber Volume ◽  
Intermediate Chamber ◽  
History Of ◽  
Chamber Size

Abstract We present a model for a coupled magma chamber–dike system to investigate the conditions required to initiate volcanic eruptions and to determine what controls the size of eruptions. The model combines the mechanics of dike propagation with internal chamber dynamics including crystallization, volatile exsolution, and the elastic response of the magma and surrounding crust to pressure changes within the chamber. We find three regimes for dike growth and eruptions: (1) below a critical magma chamber size, eruptions are suppressed because chamber pressure drops to lithostatic before a dike reaches the surface; (2) at an intermediate chamber size, the erupted volume is less than the dike volume (“dike-limited” eruption regime); and (3) above a certain chamber size, dikes can easily reach the surface and the erupted volume follows a classic scaling law, which depends on the attributes of the magma chamber (“chamber-limited” eruption regime). The critical chamber volume for an eruption ranges from ∼0.01 km3 to 10 km3 depending on the water content in the magma, depth of the chamber, and initial overpressure. This implies that the first eruptions at a volcano likely are preceded by a protracted history of magma chamber growth at depth, and that the crust above the magma chamber may have trapped several intrusions or “failed eruptions.” Model results can be combined with field observations of erupted volume, pressure, and crystal and volatile content to provide tighter constraints on parameters such as the eruptible chamber size.

Structure and petrogenesis of a mixed-magma ring dyke in the Peruvian Coastal Batholith: eruptions from a zoned magma chamber

1988 ◽  
Vol 79 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 87-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Andrew Bussell
Keyword(s):  
Magma Chamber ◽  
Present Level ◽  
Ring Fault ◽  
Brittle Ductile Transition ◽  
Erosion Level ◽  
Ring Complex ◽  
Ring Structures ◽  
Transient Events ◽  
Flat Roofs ◽  
Ring Dyke

ABSTRACTRing complex granites of the Peruvian Batholith are tabular bodies with flat roofs emplaced by cauldron subsidence. Marginal precursory ring dykes extend upwards above roof level and a typical intrusion is “H”-shaped in cross-section. Advance of magma by repeated subsidence would give a ladder-shaped profile for such intrusions above the brittle-ductile transition. Close relationships exist between intrusion geometry, emplacement process and petrogenetic evolution. Initially a granodioritic magma chamber lay beneath the present erosion level, trapping a rising mass of dioritic magma. Expansion of granodioritic liquid resulted in the injection of microgranite and tuffisite cone sheets accompanied by roof uplift within a ring fault. Next, during subsidence within the ring fault, liquids from deeper levels in the underlying chamber rose by stoping along the outer margin of the fault to form a ring dyke. Prior to intrusion, this liquid was vertically zoned from rhyodacite downwards to diorite and these liquids became partially mixed during emplacement. Finally, granodioritic magma rose to the present level by subsidence of a roof slab bounded by the ring fault. The precursory ring structures preserve evidence of significant but transient events in the underlying chamber. Liquid differentiation may be significant in the evolution of many large plutons.

2D thermo-mechanical-chemical coupled numerical models of interactions between a cooling magma chamber and a visco-elastic host rock

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dániel Kiss ◽  
Evangelos Moulas ◽  
Lisa Rummel ◽  
Boris Kaus
Keyword(s):  
Magma Chamber ◽  
Host Rock ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Bulk Composition ◽  
Inertial Forces ◽  
Volume Changes ◽  
Consistent System ◽  
Host Rocks ◽  
2D Numerical Model ◽  
Crustal Magma

<p>A recent focus of studies in geodynamic modeling and magmatic petrology is to understand the coupled behavior between deformation and magmatic processes. Here, we present a 2D numerical model of an upper crustal magma (or mush) chamber in a visco-elastic host rock, with coupled thermal, mechanical and chemical (TMC) processes. The magma chamber is isolated from deeper sources of magma and it is cooling, and thus shrinking. We quantify the mechanical interaction between the shrinking magma chamber and the surrounding host rock, using a compressible visco-elastic formulation, considering several geometries of the magma chamber.</p><p>We present a self-consistent system of the conservation equations for coupled TMC processes, under the assumptions of slow (negligible inertial forces), visco-elastic deformation and constant chemical bulk composition. The thermodynamic melting/crystallization model is based on a pelitic melting model calculated with Perple_X, assuming a granitic composition and is incorporated as a look-up table. We will discuss the numerical implementation, show the results of systematic numerical simulations, and illustrate the effect of volume changes due to crystallization on stresses in the host rocks.</p>

scholarly journals Tissue Sources and Blood Flow Limitations of Osmotic Water Transport Across the Peritoneum

1999 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 347-353
Author(s):  
HAILU DEMISSACHEW ◽  
JOANNE LOFTHOUSE ◽  
MICHAEL F. FLESSNER
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Water Transport ◽  
Water Flow ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Hypertonic Solution ◽  
Water Fluxes ◽  
Volume Changes ◽  
Doppler Flowmetry ◽  
Chamber Volume ◽  
Osmotic Water

Abstract. Despite the daily use of hypertonic solutions to remove fluid from patients throughout the world who are undergoing peritoneal dialysis, the tissue sources of this water flow are unknown. To study this phenomenon in specific tissues, small plastic chambers were affixed to parietal and visceral surfaces of the peritoneum and were filled with either an isotonic or hypertonic solution. The volume changes over 60 to 90 min were determined and divided by the chamber area to yield the volume flux. The hypertonic solution produced a positive flux into the chamber of 0.6 to 1.1 μl/min per cm2 in all tissues tested. In contrast, the isotonic solution resulted in a net loss or an insignificant change in the chamber volume. Additional experiments tested the influence of blood flow on the hypertonic water flux during periods of control, reduced (50 to 80%), or postmortem (no) blood flow, as determined by laser Doppler flowmetry. With the exception of the liver, small but insignificant changes in the flux into the chamber were observed during the period of reduced flow; all water fluxes were markedly depressed during the postmortem period. It is concluded that both parietal and visceral tissues are sources of osmotically induced water flow into the cavity. Except for the liver, marked blood flow reductions have small but insignificant effects on osmotic water transport.

scholarly journals Volumetric pulp chambers measurements in mandibular and maxillary permanent first molar using cone-beam computed tomography by age and gender

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anıl Açıklar Kavas ◽  
Emin Caner Tümen
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Cone Beam Computed Tomography ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Cone Beam ◽  
Pulp Chamber ◽  
Volume Changes ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Chamber Volume ◽  
Molar Teeth ◽  
And Gender

Aim: The aim of this study was to demonstrate the anatomical structure of pulp chamber, measure the volume of the total pulp chambers in mm3 and evaluate the pulp chamber volume changes by age and gender statistically in mandibular and maxillary first molars by means of CBCT. Methodology: In our study, CBCT examinations of patients between the ages of 7-18 years, which were carried out due to different reasons were evaluated retrospectively. The CBCT images of healthy total of 160 lower and upper right permanent first molar teeth were selected randomly and the volumes of the total pulp chamber were measured in mm3 with the 3D Slicer software program. We analyzed the collected data with statistical analysis methods and we evaluated whether there was any difference between the patients grouped according to the age in respect of volume changes in the total pulp chamber and whether there was any difference between the mean volume values and gender of the patients within the same group. Results: Comparison of the volume measurements of the lower and upper first permanent molar teeth between the groups showed that the volume values of the total pulp chamber decreased depending on the age (p<0.05). Regarding gender, volume decrease related to age was statistically more significant among females. We determined in all age groups except age 7-9 group that the volume value of the total pulp chamber of the upper permanent first molar teeth was statistically higher than the volume value of the total pulp chamber of the lower permanent first molar teeth (p<0,05). Conclusion: We believe that CBCT is an easy and conservative method for the 3D-imaging of the pulp chamber, volume measurement and examination of the dimensional changes of the total pulp chamber depending on deposition of secondary dentin.   How to cite this article: Açıklar Kavas A, Tümen EC. Volumetric pulp chambers measurements in mandibular and maxillary permanent first molar using cone-beam computed tomography by age and gender. Int Dent Res 2019;9(1):30-40.   Linguistic Revision: The English in this manuscript has been checked by at least two professional editors, both native speakers of English.

scholarly journals Magma chamber evolution during the 1650 AD Kolumbo eruption provides clues about past and future volcanic activity

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
K. I. Konstantinou
Keyword(s):  
Simple Model ◽  
Magma Chamber ◽  
Volcanic Activity ◽  
Mafic Magma ◽  
Silicic Magma ◽  
Submarine Volcano ◽  
Recurrence Times ◽  
Tomographic Images ◽  
Chamber Volume ◽  
Near Future

Abstract Kolumbo submarine volcano lies 7 km NE of Santorini caldera and its last eruption which occurred in 1650 AD, caused damage and casualties to the nearby islands. Here a simple model of a chamber, containing silicic magma underlain by a smaller quantity of mafic magma, is utilised in order to understand the chamber behaviour during the 1650 AD eruption. Results show that in order to reproduce the duration (83–281 days) and the dense rock equivalent volume ($${\sim }\,2\, \hbox {km}^3$$ ∼ 2 km 3 ) of the eruption, initial overpressure in the chamber should be around 10 MPa and the mafic magma should occupy up to 5% of the chamber volume. It is found that the time needed to inject mafic magma equal to 1–15% of the chamber volume varies between 1.4–13.7 ka, if the radius of the chamber is about 1500 m as inferred from tomographic images. These long recurrence times agree well with the small number of eruptions ($$N = 5$$ N = 5 ) within a period of > 70 ka and suggest that an eruption in the near future is unlikely. Volcanic activity at Kolumbo is probably triggered by a combination of exsolved volatiles and a small but steady influx of mafic melt in the chamber.

scholarly journals A Whole-tree System for Gas-exchange Studies

HortScience ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Corelli-Grappadelli ◽  
E. Magnanini
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Volume Changes ◽  
Chamber Volume ◽  
Cost System ◽  
And Control ◽  
Whole Tree

Based on a commercially available net photosynthesis (Pn) unit coupled to a custom-built chamber that does not require air conditioning, a low-cost system to measure whole-tree gas exchange in the field is described. The temperature in the chamber is influenced by air flow in relation to tree size. A flow of 20 liters·s-1 (equal to ≈1.5 chamber volume changes/min) was sufficient to maintain the leaves of an 11-year-old `Golden Delicious'/M.27 tree at a temperature similar to that of the ambient air and control CO2 gradients in the chamber. The system has been in operation on apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees for up to 4 months without modifying tree behavior.

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