Alterations in trie central nervous system induced by chronic administration of diazepam during an early postnatal period in rats

In order to find, and mutate, novel genes required for regulation of neurogenesis in the cerebral cortex, we performed a genetic screen in mice. As the result of this screen, we created a new mouse mutant, querkopf. The querkopf mutation is due to an insertion into a MYST family histone acetyltransferase gene. Mice homozygous for the querkopf mutation have craniofacial abnormalities, fail to thrive in the postnatal period and have defects in central nervous system development. The defects in central nervous system development are particularly prominent in the cerebral cortex, which is disproportionally smaller than in wild-type mice. A large reduction in the size of the cortical plate was already apparent during embryogenesis. Homozygous mice show a lack of large pyramidal cells in layer V of the cortex, which is reflected in a reduction in the number of Otx1-positive neurons in this layer during postnatal development. Homozygous mice also show a reduction in the number of GAD67-positive interneurons throughout the cortex. Our results suggest that Querkopf is an essential component of a genetic cascade regulating cell differentiation in the cortex, probably acting in a multiprotein complex regulating chromatin structure during transcription.

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Effects of ethyl alcohol on EEG and avoidance behavior of chronic electrode monkeys

American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content ◽

10.1152/ajplegacy.1961.201.3.434 ◽

1961 ◽

Vol 201 (3) ◽

pp. 434-436 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

A. F. Hogans ◽

O. M. Moreno ◽

D. A. Brodie

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Ethyl Alcohol ◽

Avoidance Behavior ◽

Chronic Administration ◽

Behavioral Effects ◽

Avoidance Schedule ◽

Sidman Avoidance ◽

Blood Alcohol ◽

Eeg Activity

The electro-encephalogram (EEG) and avoidance behavior of Rhesus monkeys with chronically implanted cortical electrodes, trained on a modified Sidman avoidance schedule, were studied following acute and chronic administration of ethyl alcohol. Acute intravenous administration of alcohol in doses of 0.5–2.0 g/kg produced blood alcohol levels of 50–250 mg/100 ml. As the blood alcohol level was raised, the impairment of avoidance responding was correlated with an increase in signs of central nervous system depression as measured by EEG patterns. A dose of 2.0 g/kg of alcohol was administered intravenously once daily until signs of behavioral deficit were minimal. Initially, avoidance behavior was abolished and spontaneous EEG activity was markedly slowed during the 30-min test period. When tolerance to the behavioral effects of alcohol occurred, the EEG pattern still showed high-voltage, slow-wave activity. This study suggests that tolerance to the behavioral effects of alcohol may be acquired more rapidly than central nervous system tolerance as measured by cortical EEG activity.

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Effect of p-chlorophenylalanine on the acquisition of tolerance to the hypnotic effects of pentobarbital, barbital, and ethanol

Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology ◽

10.1139/y80-156 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 58 (9) ◽

pp. 1031-1041 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

J. M. Khanna ◽

H. Kalant ◽

A. D. Lê ◽

J. Mayer ◽

A. E. LeBlanc

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Chronic Treatment ◽

Chronic Administration ◽

Blood Levels ◽

Sodium Pentobarbital ◽

Cross Tolerance ◽

Tolerance Development ◽

Hypnotic Effect ◽

Central Depressant

Rats were given pentobarbital by daily intubation. Sleeping times and blood levels of drug at awakening, after intraperitoneal test doses of ethanol, pentobarbital, or barbital, were measured at various times during chronic treatment in order to assess the degree of tolerance developed. No central nervous system (CNS) tolerance to pentobarbital or cross-tolerance to barbital or ethanol occurred on treatment with sodium pentobarbital, 50 mg/kg, daily. However, when the size and frequency of pentobarbital treatment doses were increased (50–80 mg/kg, three times daily) a clear CNS tolerance to barbital occurred. Chronic administration of p-chlorophenylalanine (p-CPA), in a dose previously shown to maintain more than 95% depletion of brain serotonin (5-HT), enhanced the acute hypnotic effect of barbiturates and ethanol. Independently of this effect, p-CPA treatment also resulted in a reduction in the development of CNS tolerance. These results are consistent with earlier findings that brain 5-HT depletion retards tolerance development to central depressant drugs as measured by a variety of unrelated tests.

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Central Nervous System Malformations

Donald School Journal of Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology ◽

10.5005/jp-journals-10009-1472 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 235-255

Author(s):

Vincenzo D'Addario ◽

Capuano Pasquale

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Continuous Process ◽

Correct Diagnosis ◽

Postnatal Period ◽

Fetal Head ◽

Normal Morphology ◽

Brain Malformations ◽

Basic Examination ◽

Cns Anomalies

ABSTRACT Ultrasound (US) is a useful tool to evaluate the normal morphology, the developmental changes, and the malformations of the fetal central nervous system (CNS). The development of the fetal CNS is a complex and continuous process progressing till the end of pregnancy and even after delivery. Although, a limited number of CNS anomalies may be suspected in the 1st trimester, the 2nd trimester is the best period of pregnancy to screen for CNS anomalies, but some malformations may be recognized only in the 3rd trimester or become evident only in the postnatal period. Screening for CNS anomalies relies on the use of the basic examination, which requires two simple axial planes on the fetal head (transventricular and transcerebellar). For a more detailed evaluation of brain malformations, an expanded fetal neurosonogram is needed, based on the use of multiple sagittal and coronal planes. The correct diagnosis of a CNS anomaly must be followed by an accurate counseling since the prognosis is varying widely. How to cite this article Vincenzo D, Pasquale C. Central Nervous System Malformations. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2016;10(3):235-255.

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Neonatal Aspects: Is There Continuity?

Donald School Journal of Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology ◽

10.5005/jp-journals-10009-1242 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 189-196

Author(s):

Milan Stanojevic

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Neurodevelopmental Outcome ◽

Fetal Brain ◽

Postnatal Growth ◽

Postnatal Period ◽

Erect Posture ◽

Sensory Stimuli ◽

System Integrity ◽

The Brain

ABSTRACT During the 9 months between conception and birth, the fetal brain is transformed from instructions in genes to a complex, highly differentiated organ. The human central nervous system (CNS) changes from a microscopic band of embryonic neuroblasts to a 350 gm mass with more than 109 interconnected highly differentiated neurons in the cortex alone. How this extraordinary growth results in sensomotor, cognitive, affective and behavioral development is still unexplored. The development of voluntary, cognitive and purposive activity from fetal to neonatal period is to analyze the developmental transformations of the brain expressed by development of movement patterns from prenatal through postnatal period. As the development of the brain is unique and continuing process throughout the gestation and after birth, it is expected that there is also continuity of fetal to neonatal movements which are the best functional indicator of developmental processes of the brain. Concerning the complexity, voluntary control and stereotype, there are at least four groups of movements: Reflexes, fixed action patterns, rhythmic motor patterns, and directed movements. Substantial indications suggest that spontaneous activity is a more sensitive indicator of brain dysfunction than reactivity to sensory stimuli in reflex testing. It was proved that assessment of general movements in high-risk newborns has significantly higher predictive value for later neurological development than neurological examination. Nutritional stress at critical times during fetal development can have persistent and potentially irreversible effects on organ function. Impaired intrauterine growth and development may antecede insufficient postnatal growth. Thus, it may be a marker of impaired central nervous system integrity because of adverse intrauterine conditions. Unfavorable intrauterine environment can affect adversely fetal growth. There is an association between postnatal growth and neurodevelopmental outcome. Concerning the continuity from fetus to neonate in terms of neurobehavior, it could be concluded that fetus and neonate are the same persons in different environment. While in the womb, fetus is protected from the gravity which is not so important for its neurodevelopment, postnatally the neonate is exposed to the gravity during the labor and from the first moments of autonomous life. Development of motor control is highly dependent on antigravity forces enabling erect posture of infant or young child. These environmental differences should be kept on mind during prenatal as well as postnatal assessment. How to cite this article Stanojevic M. Neonatal Aspects: Is There Continuity? Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2012;6(2):189-196.

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Flexible versus rigid catheters for chronic administration of exogenous agents into central nervous system tissues

Journal of Neuroscience Methods ◽

10.1016/j.jneumeth.2004.10.019 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 144 (2) ◽

pp. 147-152 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Michael Guarnieri ◽

Benjamin S. Carson ◽

Andleeb Khan ◽

Margaret Penno ◽

George I. Jallo

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Chronic Administration ◽

Exogenous Agents

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Neurotropic enteroviruses co-opt “fair-weather-friend” commensal gut microbiota to drive host infection and central nervous system disturbances

Behavioral and Brain Sciences ◽

10.1017/s0140525x18002741 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 42 ◽

Author(s):

Kevin B. Clark

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Gut Bacteria ◽

Infection Cycle ◽

Fair Weather ◽

Host Health ◽

Microbe Interactions ◽

Animal Hosts ◽

Host Infection ◽

Neuropsychiatric Conditions

Abstract Some neurotropic enteroviruses hijack Trojan horse/raft commensal gut bacteria to render devastating biomimicking cryptic attacks on human/animal hosts. Such virus-microbe interactions manipulate hosts’ gut-brain axes with accompanying infection-cycle-optimizing central nervous system (CNS) disturbances, including severe neurodevelopmental, neuromotor, and neuropsychiatric conditions. Co-opted bacteria thus indirectly influence host health, development, behavior, and mind as possible “fair-weather-friend” symbionts, switching from commensal to context-dependent pathogen-like strategies benefiting gut-bacteria fitness.

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