Dynamics of experimentally induced Staphylococcus epidermidis mastitis in East Friesian milk ewes

2003 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petra Winter ◽  
Franz Schilcher ◽  
Klemens Fuchs ◽  
Ian G Colditz
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Staphylococcus Epidermidis ◽  
Systemic Infection ◽  
Initial Response ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Sheep Milk ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Relationship

The responses of five lactating East Friesian milk ewes to experimental mammary infection with Staphylococcus epidermidis and of five control ewes were examined over a period of 10 weeks. Infection caused an influx of neutrophils into milk, the numbers of which started to rise 4 h post infection and peaked 24 h after infection. The initial response was accompanied by mild fever and mild leucopaenia in blood (8 h after infection). No other signs of systemic infection were observed. Milk appeared normal at all times, although the milk yield of infected ewes tended to decline. Staphylococci were absent in milk from four ewes at 2 d and at 3 d after infection, but re-emerged intermittently in four of five ewes at subsequent samplings. Cytokines in milk were measured by ELISA. IL-8 was elevated in infected glands at 2 h and peaked at 8 h. In the four ewes intermittently shedding bacteria, IL-8 remained elevated until the final sampling at 10 weeks. IL-1β was transiently elevated at 1 d and 2 d and showed a pronounced peak in one sheep. Milk samples from this ewe were bacteriologically negative, somatic cell count (SCC) was within the normal range and the concentrations of IL-1β, as well as IL-8, were similiar to the control group (n=5) from 1 week after infection until the final sampling. Histological examination revealed leucocytic infiltrates in the four glands remaining infected at the end of the experiment, and a high level of CD5+ lymphocytes in three ewes. The results suggest that the relationship between the initial neutrophil influx and the proinflammatory cytokines may be responsible for determining the course of infection. Subclinical mastitis due to coagulase-negative staphylococci leads to minor changes in milk yield and milk constituents.

The relationship between milk yield, composition and tissue damage in a case of subclinical mastitis

1963 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Waite ◽  
P. S. Blackburn
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Tissue Damage ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Bacteriological Examination ◽  
Cell Content ◽  
Upper Level ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Number Of Cells

SummaryA chemical, cytological and bacteriological examination of the milk from each quarter of a cow suffering from subclinical mastitis, but giving 5–6 gal of milk per day, was made at weekly intervals during the first 84 days after parturition. The infection, caused by micrococcal and staphylococcal bacteria, resisted repeated treatments with various antibiotics administered via the teat canals and also intramuscularly, although in vitro the bacteria were susceptible to all the antibiotics used. The cow was slaughtered and a histological examination made of the udder in an attempt to establish the cause of the continuing infection and to assess the extent of tissue damage. Two quarters each contained large abscesses in the upper level of the udder and these could have acted as reservoirs of infection; no cause was established for the other two quarters and it can only be assumed that reinfection occurred from the two abscessed quarters.The amount of active lesions in the lobules of all the quarters was small, 1–6%, but half or more of all the lobules were involuted, although only a minority appeared to have involuted as a result of infection. In the two abscessed quarters there was extensive damage to the duct system, 23 and 31% showing lesions.When the milk contained an abnormally large number of cells the chemical composition was also abnormal, containing less lactose (and hence less solids-not-fat) and having a nitrogen distribution in which there was more blood serum albumin and globulin and less casein than usual. Cell content and chemical composition were better indicators of tissue damage than the presence of mastitis organisms. It is estimated that the solids-not-fat content of the milk of the whole udder as a result of the infections was considerably lower than it would otherwise have been (8·0 instead of 8·8%) and that the daily loss in milk yield was about 9 lb.

scholarly journals Dairy productivity of mixed-aged Holstein cows with prolonged lactation function

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 265-268
Author(s):  
G. S. Gutsulyak
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Holstein Cows ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Group V ◽  
Productivity Level ◽  
Group I ◽  
Study Results ◽  
High Level

Presented study results of the productivity of mixed-aged cows with prolonged lactation. The formation of experimental groups was carried out according to the principle of analog groups, taking into account breed, live weight, age and physiological condition (lactation):25 animals in groups I, II, III and IV and 10 animals in group V. It was found that with the industrial technology of Holstein cows exploitation, regardless of their age, the duration of the lactation period was almost twice as long as the scientifically substantiated value and ranges from 561.2 to 610.9 days. At the same time, the milk productivity level of the cows in I and IV groups slightly exceeded 13 000 kg of milk per lactation, while in cows if II, III (control), and V groups – this value was higher than 15 000 kg. With prolonged lactation, the milk yield in the experimental groups of animals in terms of 305 days was kept at a fairly high level and there was a definite tendency to an increase in milk yield depending on the age of the animals. The first-calf heifers of group I were characterized by a relatively low milk yield since they gave only 13 291.8 kg of milk for the entire lactation, and in terms of 305 days – 7 944.1 kg, which was 13.57% and compared to III (control) group was 19.54% lower (P < 0.01). Animals of the fifth lactation from group V had the highest milk yield, in which the milk yield per lactation and per 305 days amounted to 15 818.5 kg and 9 716.7 kg of milk, respectively. With intensive exploitation technology and with the increasing age of Holstein cows, complete adaptation occurs, as a result of which their genetic potential for milk production is realized at a high level. This was indicated by the milk yield dynamics in experimental animals of different ages, in which, under the same conditions of feeding and housing, they were gradually increased from the first to the fifth lactation.

Subclinical mastitis assessed by deviations in milk yield and electrical resistance

1998 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
EZRA SHOSHANI ◽  
AMIEL BERMAN
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Test Scores ◽  
Electrical Resistance ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Case Group ◽  
Frequency Distributions ◽  
California Mastitis Test ◽  
Significant Difference

Concurrent falls in milk production and electrical resistance of composite milk were examined in Israeli Holstein cows. The cows were milked three times a day by a system that recorded yield and the lowest electrical resistance in the composite milk from the four glands. The study included two groups: cows that experienced on day 0 a decline in resistance and milk production [ges ]20% from the mean of the previous 9 d (62 cows, case group) and cows that experienced no such episodes over 9 d before and after a fixed day (118 cows, control group). Bacteriological status and somatic cell count (SCC) or California mastitis test scores were assessed on the fixed day in the control group, and on days 0, 1 and 2 in the case group. California mastitis test scores greater than 2 and SCC thresholds of 5×105 cells/ml were used to create two classes of leucocytosis. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in frequency distributions of pathogens and their types: in 30% of cows infection was not detected, 33% were infected by major pathogens (95% of which were Staphylococcus aureus), and 53·5% by minor pathogens (80% Micrococcus spp.). Cows in the case group had lower milk production during the 8 d following day 0. Mean electrical resistance was lower in infected cows and particularly in cows infected by Staph. aureus. High leucocytosis was associated with reduced electrical resistance in both groups, and was found in 93% of cows in the case group v. 25% in the control group. The results suggest that falls in electrical resistance of milk and in milk production were not linked to a specific pathogen, and were followed by 3–8 d of reduced milk production and electrical resistance. The study suggests that there are episodic aggravations in mammary health that do not evolve into clinical mastitis but may induce significant losses in milk yield and quality.

scholarly journals Using the Relationship between Concentrations of Selected Whey Proteins and BHBA to Characterize the Metabolism of Dairy Cows in Early Lactation

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 2298
Author(s):  
Kamila Puppel ◽  
Patrycja Staniszewska ◽  
Marcin Gołębiewski ◽  
Jan Slósarz ◽  
Grzegorz Grodkowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Whey Proteins ◽  
Optimal Level ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Hydroxybutyric Acid ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Β Lactoglobulin

A negative energy balance alters the concentration of various fractions of cows’ milk. Therefore, by analyzing the concentration of individual proteins in milk, it is possible to indirectly monitor the health of the animal. The aim of the present study was to identify the relationship between the concentrations of blood β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA) and whey proteins in milk as a marker for the diagnosis of metabolic diseases. The analysis included milk and blood samples from 95 Holstein-Friesian cows, which were divided into three groups that were differentiated in terms of serum BHBA levels 5–7 days post-calving: LBHBA, low level of BHBA: 0.200–0.500 mmol/L; NBHBA, optimal level of BHBA- control group: 0.500–1.200 mmol/L; HBHBA, high level of BHBA: >1.200 mmol/L. Concentrations of α-lactoalbumin in the milk after 7 days of lactation proceeded in accordance with the concentration of β-hydroxybutyric acid, as follows: LBHBA > NBHBA > HBHBA. Concentrations of β-lactoglobulin in milk after 14 days of lactation proceeded in accordance with the concentration of β-hydroxybutyric acid, as follows: LBHBA < NBHBA < HBHBA. Therefore, it can be concluded that whey proteins can be used as non-invasive markers for diagnosing metabolic diseases. A high concentration of β-lactoglobulin can be a marker for diagnosing ketosis. Conversely, elevated levels of α-lactalbumin may indicate the occurrence of a metabolic disorder, such as acidosis.

Relationships Between Delusion-Like Experiences, Lack of Control, Pattern Perception, and Decision Making

2021 ◽  
pp. 027623662110053
Author(s):  
Osman Görkem Çetin ◽  
Metehan Irak
Keyword(s):  
False Positive ◽  
Irrational Beliefs ◽  
Pattern Perception ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Lack Of Control ◽  
Seeking Behavior ◽  
Control Pattern ◽  
Group A ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Relationship

Previous research has provided evidence for a relationship between illusory pattern perception and irrational beliefs. A common assumption is illusory pattern perception increases with an increasing feeling of lack of control. Delusion-like experiences include some of the behaviors related to irrational beliefs. Since no direct association between DLE and illusory pattern perception has been established, in this study we investigated the relationship between delusion-like experiences and illusory pattern perception for images with visual noise in a condition in which the participants were manipulated to lack control while controlling for another assumption which is jumping to conclusions bias on a bead task is predicted by delusion-like experiences. Results showed participants with delusion-like experiences produced more illusory pattern perception and false positive recognition for visually ambiguous stimuli. Participants who were manipulated to lack control produced more false positive recognition than the control group. A high level of delusion-like experiences predisposes vulnerability for increasing pattern seeking behavior under lack of control manipulation.

scholarly journals Mastitis pathogens and somatic cell count in ewes milk

10.5219/1338 ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 164-169
Author(s):  
Kristí­na Tvarožková ◽  
Vladimí­r Tančin ◽  
Michal Uhrinčať ◽  
Lukáš Hleba ◽  
Lucia Mačuhová
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Somatic Cell Count ◽  
Dairy Farm ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Mastitis Pathogens

The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of pathogens in selected group of ewes and the relationship between somatic cell count (SCC) and the presence of pathogens. The experiment was carried out on a dairy farm, where predominantly breed was a Tsigai. Sampling was carried out in monthly intervals as part of the milk recording test day from February to July 2019. A total of 303 ewes were included in the survey, during the milk recording test day. The ewes with SCC ≥1000 × 103 cells.mL-1 were selected for further sampling at half udder level. Based on SCC the ewes were divided into five groups: <200 ×103; ≥200 <400 × 103; ≥400 <600 × 103; ≥600 <1000 × 103; ≥1000 × 103 cells.mL-1. The first group of SCC contained 33.9% of milk samples, the second 14.1% of samples, the third 5.7% of samples, the fourth 6.2% and the fifth 40.1% of samples. The most common pathogens were coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS). The most frequent CNS was Staphylococcus (S.) simulans (24.4%). S. aureus was identified in 5.3% of bacteriological positive samples. Almost 70% of ewes with bacteriological positive samples were repeated identified the presence of pathogens during tested period. SCC ≥500 × 103 cells.mL-1  were detected in 92.5% bacteriological positive milk samples. The presence of pathogens increased SCC in milk (p <0.001) as compared to samples free of pathogens. In conclusion, the SCC ≥500 × 103 cells.mL-1 could be important for detection of subclinical mastitis at half udder level in dairy ewes.

scholarly journals Implicaciones de la gamificación en educación matemática, un estudio exploratorio

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (68) ◽  
Author(s):  
Omar Gonzalez ◽  
Elisabeth Ramos Rodríguez ◽  
Patricia Vásquez Saldías
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Test Application ◽  
New Learning ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Experimental Type ◽  
Teaching Of Mathematics ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Las aplicaciones tecnológicas ofrecidas para la educación son variadas, brindando nuevas posibilidades de aprendizaje. Se debe estar en constante vigilancia de las propuestas de gamificación para el aula, dado que su desarrollo y uso no asegura un éxito en la enseñanza. Estudiamos el impacto de la gamificación en la enseñanza de la matemática, analizando su papel en el tratamiento de las figuras geométricas cono y cilindro con estudiantes de 13 y 14 años. Desde un enfoque cuantitativo descriptivo de tipo cuasi-experimental, con grupo control y piloto y aplicación de test, se realiza un análisis estadístico clásico e implicativo, evidenciando un mayor porcentaje de respuestas correctas del grupo piloto, en el ítem sobre la relación entre el volumen del cono y el cilindro, con un 96,3%, en contraste un 73,08% que obtuvo el grupo control. Además, se muestra un comportamiento con alto nivel de similaridad (84,4%) entre el uso del videojuego y responder satisfactoriamente los ítems. Esto nos sugiere que este medio educativo puede provocar mejoras en los aprendizajes del alumnado, quien parece ser proclive a su uso. The technological applications offered for education are varied, providing new learning possibilities. Gamification proposals for the classroom must be constantly monitored, since their development and use does not ensure success in teaching. We study the impact of gamification in the teaching of mathematics, analyzing its role in the treatment of geometric cone and cylinder figures with 13 and 14 years old students. From a descriptive quantitative approach of quasi-experimental type, with a control and pilot group and test application, a classical and implicative statistical analysis is carried out, showing a higher percentage of correct answers from the pilot group, in the item on the relationship between the volume of the cone and the cylinder, with 96.3%, in contrast to 73.08% obtained by the control group. In addition, a behavior with a high level of similarity (84.4%) is shown between the use of virtual games and satisfactorily answering the items. This suggests that this educational medium can cause improvements in the learning of students who seem to be prone to its use.

PSXIII-30 Late-Breaking: The change of immune function markers and spectrotype of cytokine causing subclinical and clinical mastitis in the dairy cows

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 378-378
Author(s):  
Konstantin Leshchukov ◽  
Nikolay Klimov ◽  
Konstantin Lobodin ◽  
Olga Pavlenko ◽  
Evgeniy Sleptsov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Function ◽  
Bactericidal Activity ◽  
Interleukin 2 ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Clinical Mastitis ◽  
Lysozyme Activity ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Serum Bactericidal Activity ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
High Level

Abstract The study aimed to determine the immune function markers of clinically healthy cows and cows with subclinical and clinical mastitis caused by the coagulase-negative staphylococci. The materials were milk and blood of cows (n = 20; first group) had the clinical mastitis caused by S. aureus and S. haemolyticus, another 20 (second group) had the subclinical mastitis caused by S. aureus and S. haemolyticus, another 20 (third group) were clinically health cows. The milk was examinated by a Californian mastitis test. The immune markers of blood were researched by ELISA using Bovine Elisa Kit (Cloud-CloneCorp. HoustonTX, USA) and relevance methods (The guidelines for the assessment and correction of animal immune status, Voronezh, Russia, 2005). It has been found that the blood of cows of the 2d group had a high level of Interleukin- 2 (15.9±0.4 pg/mL), TNF-α (639.2±19.1 pg/mL), CIC (0.128±0.01 g/L), Serum Bactericidal Activity (78.5±1.4 %) compared with 3d group. It was the reducing of Ig level by 19.6% (20.6±0.3g/L) and Lysozyme activity by 28.4% (2.097±0.02 µg/mL) (P &lt; 0,05-0,001). The comparative analysis of immune function markers in the blood of 1st and 3d groups showed the reduction of TNF-α by 23,3%, Ig level by 19,6 %, Lysozyme activity by 32,8%, T- lymphocytes by 27,2%, and the increasing of CIC by 52,3%, Serum Bactericidal Activity by 6,8%, B- lymphocytes by 10,1% (P &lt; 0,05-0,001), Phagocytic activity of leucocytes by 6,4%. Mastitis events caused by the coagulase-negative staphylococci were associated with reducing of cellular and humoral immunity by twice increasing of Interleukin-2 level.

The effect of suckling, management and season on sheep milk production as estimated by lamb growth

1962 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Doney ◽  
Joan Munro
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Seasonal Differences ◽  
Sheep Milk ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
The Mean ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Hill ◽  
Lamb Growth

1. The mean daily live-weight gains of lambs from the 1956–59 flock records were used to estimate the milk yield of ewes during the first six weeks of lactation.2. The yield was affected by the number of lambs suckled but not by the number born. Ewes rearing twins on the hill gave a higher yield than those rearing singles (145%–155%). Good grazing raised the yield to twice that of ewes rearing singles on the hill.3. In 3 out of the 4 years the utilised yield was remarkably constant in the case of ewes rearing single lambs, but ewes rearing twins on the hill were more variable. Ewes rearing twins on low ground did not show any significant seasonal differences.4. From an experiment on 36 ewes it was confirmed that twin-rearing ewes produce more milk than single-rearing ewes in all environments. There was no difference between ewes rearing one lamb whether born as a single or as a twin. Leaving two lambs on the ewe for a few days to establish a high level of milk yield did not benefit the remaining lamb after its twin was removed.

A method for assessing loss in milk yield due to subclinical mastitis

1990 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 319-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masaharu Oshima ◽  
Tatsuyuki Yoshida ◽  
Kohei Koyama ◽  
Taminori Moriyama
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Yield Ratio ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Two Indices ◽  
The Relationship

SummaryA method for assessing the loss in quarter milk yield due to subclinical mastitis is proposed. It is based upon two indices calculated from quarter milk yields and results from the assessment of mastitis obtained by measurement of the electrical conductivity of milk. The results were obtained from the cows through repeated quarter-milkings during several months of lactation. The grade of abnormality of a quarter with subclinical mastitis was expressed by the first index, the mean quarter difference of electrical conductivity of milk produced by the quarter (mQdEC, 25 °C). The reduction in milk yield of a quarter presumed to be due to subclinical mastitis was expressed by another index, the quarter yield ratio, R, which is that percentage of normal milk yield produced by a quarter with mastitis. Examination of the relationship between these two indices showed that subclinical mastitis caused a reduction in milk yield in the affected quarters. From the linear regression, it was found that ~3% reduction in quarter milk yield occurred for every 1 x 10–4 S/cm increase in the mQdEC of the quarter with presumed subclinical mastitis.

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