The New Zealand lichen Pannaria leproloma (Nyl.) P. M. Jørg. and its panaustral relative P. farinosa nom. nov.

2007 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 349-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arve ELVEBAKK ◽  
Janne FRITT-RASMUSSEN ◽  
John A. ELIX
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
South America ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Southern South America ◽  
South Eastern

Abstract:Pannaria leproloma is shown to be a New Zealand endemic, and is characterized by coarse isidiomorphs/isidia, a high frequency of apothecia and the presence of two cytotoxic scabrosin esters, previously unknown from Pannariaceae, and present in 40 of the samples studied. It is not a member of the Pannaria sphinctrina group, as previously thought. It has frequently been confused with a related, finely sorediate, very sparingly fertile species, which lacks scabrosin esters in more than 99 of the specimens studied. This latter species is widely distributed both in southern South America (where it is one of the most common corticolous lichens), south-eastern areas of Australia and in New Zealand. It was originally described as Psoroma isidiosum, but had to be renamed when transferred to Pannaria, and is here named Pannaria farinosa.

Biogeographic congruence in the South Pacific

1991 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 127 ◽  
Author(s):  
O Seberg
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
South America ◽  
Southern Hemisphere ◽  
Classical Problem ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
General Area ◽  
Southern South America ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
South Eastern Australia

Ever since J. D. Hooker's famous 'Introductory Essay' to Flora NOVE-Zelandise, a classical problem in biogeography has been to give a casual explanation of southern hemisphere distribution patterns. An attempt is made to see whether the cladograms for the circum-Pacific areas (South America, New Zealand, Tasmania and Australia) are congruent. The area cladograms are derived from Nothofagus (Fagacae), Embothriinae (Protaceae), Oreobolus (Cyperaceae), Cyttaria (Helotiales) and Eriococcidae (Homoptera). The resulting general area cladogram showing southern South America as the sister-area to New Zealand, south-eastern Australia and Tasmania, and Tasmania plus south-eastern Australia as sister-areas to New Zealand are compared with different geological hypotheses for the area. The biological area cladogram is shown to be congruent with widely different geological hypotheses.

scholarly journals Salvia reflexa (Lamiaceae): a new record for Pakistan

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-21
Author(s):  
Wahid Hussain ◽  
Lal Badshah ◽  
Sayed Afzal Shah ◽  
Farrukh Hussain ◽  
Asghar Ali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Range Expansion ◽  
New Record ◽  
New World ◽  
Southern South America ◽  
Tribal Areas

Salvia reflexa Hornem., a member of the New World subgenus Calosphace, ranges from North America to southern South America, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and Afghanistan in Asia, and still continues to expand its range. Here we report further range expansion for S. reflexa into the tribal areas of Pakistan and hypothesize that it has been introduced from Afghanistan. This represents a new record for the flora of Pakistan.

Tertiary Bryozoan genera in the present-day Australiasian fauna — Implications for classification and biogeography

1994 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 283 ◽  
Author(s):  
DP Gordon
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
South America ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Southern South America ◽  
South West ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Subjective Synonym

The type species of three little-known Tertiary bryozoan genera have been examined and redescribed. Victorian Bitectipora lineata, previously the only recognised species of Bitectiporidae, is shown to be related to a present-day New Zealand species which may now also be included in Bitectipora. Further, the family Bitectiporidae MacGillivray, 1895 is here considered to be a senior subjective synonym of Hippoporinidae Brown, 1952. Schizosmittina, a French Miocene genus, is confirmed to be congeneric with a suite of Holocene Australasian species and removed from the Smittinidae to the Bitectiporidae. However, on the basis of ovicellular morphology, both families are considered to be closely related. The scarcely used superfamily taxon Smittinoidea is re-established for those families with 'smittinid' ovicells (in contradistinction to 'schizoporellid' ovicells). The genus Stephanollona, based on a French Miocene species, is recognised to be a senior subjective synonym of Brodiella (Phidoloporidae), which includes present-day species from Australasia, South Africa, southern South America, Madeira, south-west Britain and the Mediterranean.

Amylostereum areolatum.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
South America ◽  
Southern Hemisphere ◽  
North Africa ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Symbiotic Association ◽  
Southern South America ◽  
Western Asia ◽  
The Usa

Abstract A. areolatum is a basidiomycete that causes a white rot of a broad range of conifers. Its invasiveness arises from a symbiotic association with woodwasps of the genus Sirex. The species Sirexnoctilio is listed as "highly invasive" on the ISSG/IUCN website (ISSG, 2008) and is a Regulated Pest for the USA (APHIS, 2009a). The wasp and the fungus are native to Europe, North Africa and western Asia where their damage is considered secondary (Spradbery and Kirk, 1978). Introduced to areas of the Southern Hemisphere where exotic pine species are grown in plantations, these organisms have caused major losses. The insect invaded New Zealand by at least 1900, but did not cause serious concern until the 1940s (Talbot, 1977). It later spread to Tasmania and the southern parts of Australia and the wasp/fungus association was introduced into southern South America, beginning in Uruguay in 1980 (Ciesla, 2003). Invasion of South Africa occurred in 1994 (Tribe, 1995). Woodwasps are repeatedly detected in material imported to the USA, but were successfully excluded until 2004 (Wilson et al., 2009). The wasp and fungus were later found in nearby Canada (Ontario), although apparently due to a separate introduction (Bergeron et al., 2008; Wilson et al., 2009). Recent surveys found the wasp in four states of the USA (Evans-Goldner and Bunce, 2009) and 25 counties of Ontario in Canada (Shields, 2009). Schiff (2008) summarizes differences in complexity of the ecological situations in the Southern Hemisphere countries and North America that could affect spread and impact of the fungus and wasp.

A comparative review of cladistic approaches to historical biogeography of southern South America

1991 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 117 ◽  
Author(s):  
JV Crisci ◽  
MM Cigliano ◽  
JJ Morrone ◽  
S Roig-Junent
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
South America ◽  
Special Reference ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
A Priori ◽  
General Pattern ◽  
Southern South America ◽  
Comparative Review ◽  
Areas Of Endemism ◽  
Selection Of

Cladistic historical biogeographic studies on the austral continents are briefly reviewed with special reference to southern South America. The biogeography of marsupials, southern beeches and the relationships of New Zealand and southern South America are compared. No general pattern of interrelationships is common to all the analyses. Differences in delimitation of areas, selection of taxa and techniques applied are discussed as possible causes of incongruities. The comparative review of these empirical studies reveals that, although it is valid to investigate the existence of a unique pattern of interrelationships among areas of endemism, this cannot be considered as an a priori assumption in the analyses.

Southern hemisphere distributional patterns in plant bugs (Hemiptera:Miridae:Phylinae): Xiphoidellus, gen. nov. from Australia and Ampimpacoris, gen. nov. from Argentina, show transantarctic relationships

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 473 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christiane Weirauch ◽  
Randall T. Schuh
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
South America ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Southern South America ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Distributional Patterns ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Tree Topologies ◽  
Cladistic Analyses

Transantarctic distributional patterns are common in many groups of insects and plants including Coleorrhyncha, the sister group of Heteroptera. In contrast, evidence for such patterns within Heteroptera, or true bugs, is rare. We here describe two new genera of Phylini (Miridae : Phylinae) – Xiphoidellus, gen. nov. from Australia with six included species, and the monotypic Ampimpacoris, gen. nov. from Argentina. Xiphoidellus shows relationships to taxa in New Zealand and southern South America. Two sets of cladistic analyses, using equal and implied weights approaches, analyse relationships of the seven new species and 19 or 29 additional phyline taxa using 54 and 45 morphological characters, respectively. Both analyses support the New Zealand endemic genus Xiphoides Eyles & Schuh as the sister group to the Australian Xiphoidellus; Araucanophylus pacificus Carvalho from Chile is the sister taxon to the Xiphoides + Xiphoidellus clade. Affinities of the monotypic genus Ampimpacoris, gen. nov. are less clear cut and may be with a clade of Australian plant bugs or a Nearctic taxon. A primary Brooks parsimony analysis, based on one of the tree topologies, resulted in an area cladogram that proposes a close relationship between Australia and New Zealand, with southern South America being the sister to that area. This pattern differs from the classical vicariance pattern reported for many groups of insects, but is consistent with the ‘southern pattern’ frequently observed in plants.

Two newly described polypores from Australasia and southern South America

1996 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 877 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Rajchenberg ◽  
PK Buchanan
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
South America ◽  
Fruit Body ◽  
Eucalyptus Species ◽  
Southern South America ◽  
Thin Walled ◽  
Pileus Surface

Two new multipileate species of Postia (Polyporaceae, Basidiomycotina) are described. Postia brunnea sp. nov. is characterised by a compound fruit-body with imbricate pilei, a brown, dark umbrinous upper pileus surface, hyphal walls that partially dissolve in KOH, and ellipsoid (somewhat pip- or D-shaped) spores with slightly thickened walls. The species has been found in New Zealand and Australia, on decaying logs of Eucalyptus, Libocedrus, Metrosideros and Nothofagus species, and has been confused with Ryvardenia campyla (Berk.) Rajchenb. Grifola rosularis (G.Cunn.) G.Cunn. is recognised as a synonym of R. campyla. Postia punctata sp. nov. is characterised by white, imbricate pilei with a rugose-tuberculate pileus surface and ellipsoid, thin-walled spores. It usually has 'water-soaked' spots on the pileus surface. This species is known from standing or fallen logs of Nothofagus and Eucalyptus species in southern Argentina, Chile and Tasmania.

Late Cretaceous and Tertiary aporrhaid gastropods from the southern rim of the Pacific Ocean

1995 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 692-702 ◽  
Author(s):  
William J. Zinsmeister ◽  
Miguel Griffin
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
South America ◽  
Late Cretaceous ◽  
Late Eocene ◽  
Southern South America ◽  
Early Tertiary ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
Early Cenozoic

The new subfamily Struthiopterinae is proposed for the aporrhaid gastropods occurring in the Late Cretaceous-early Tertiary Weddellian Province along the southern margin of the Pacific. The following genera are placed within the Struthiopterinae: Struthioptera Finlay and Marwick, 1937; Austroaporrhais n. gen.; and Struthiochenopus n. gen. The temporal and biogeographic distribution of members of Struthiopterinae show a similar pattern to other Southern Hemisphere groups of Late Cretaceous and early Cenozoic molluscs with initial disappearance from the western Australasia of the Weddellian Province by the Paleocene while surviving in Antarctica until the late Eocene and eventually disappearing in southern South America during the early Miocene.Also included in this paper is a reappraisal of the species assignable to these genera from Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary of New Zealand, Antarctica, and southern South America together with the description of five new species. The following new species of the Struthiopterinae are described: Austroaporrhais larseni n. sp., A. stilwelli n. sp., A. dorotensis n. sp., Struthiochenopus antarcticus n. sp., and S. philippii n. sp.

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