scholarly journals Endolimax kueneni n.sp., Parasitic in the Intestinal Tract of the Monkey Macacus cynomolgus

Parasitology ◽  
1920 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 378-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. L. Brug
Keyword(s):  
Large Intestine ◽  
Microscopic Examination ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Pathological Lesions ◽  
Intestinal Contents

This amoeba was found in the large intestine of a Macacus cynomolgus, that was killed because it suffered from paralysis of the hind legs and emaciation. The autopsy showed these symptoms to be dependent on a general tuberculosis, in which, besides many other organs, the spinal matter was involved. Microscopic examination of the intestinal contents revealed the presence of motile amoebae and cysts. Except some small tubercular foci in the serosa no pathological lesions could be detected in the intestine. Close examination of the mucosa failed to reveal any ulceration; blood and mucus were totally absent.

The osmotic pressure and the concentration of some solutes of the intestinal contents and the faeces of the cow, in relation to the absorption of the minerals

1961 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 317-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. J. van Weerden
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Blood Serum ◽  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Concentration Gradient ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Selective Absorption ◽  
Inorganic Elements ◽  
Intestinal Contents ◽  
Sodium Metabolism

In the cows' intestine there is no isotony with the blood serum. In the upper part of the small intestine the chyme is strongly hypertonic but as it passes along the intestinal tract to the large intestine it becomes more and more hypotonic. The hypertony in the small intestine is not due to inorganic elements but is caused by organic non-electrolytes.In the large intestine hypotony is the result of strong selective absorption of sodium against a concentration gradient.This is an important aspect of the sodium metabolism of the cow. Chlorine is also absorbed from the large intestine against a concentration gradient.

scholarly journals STUDY OF GIT RELATED KOSHTHANGA W.S.R. TO PAKWASHAYA

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 1466-1468
Author(s):  
Pallavi Gupta ◽  
Divya Nidhi
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Alimentary Canal ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Human Anatomy ◽  
Specific Function ◽  
Partial Digestion ◽  
Complete Digestion ◽  
Absolute Knowledge

Human anatomy is the science where human body structures are designed to enable complete physiological action thus establishing homeostasis of the human body. Acharya Sushruta had a keen observation about the human body reflecting that without the absolute knowledge of Rachana Sharir. Chikitsak cannot be considered an expert. In Ayurveda, the part of G.I.T. is mentioned in Koshthanga by various Acharya. These Koshthanga are Aamashaya, Pakwashaya, Purishdhara, Uttarguda, Adharguda, Kshudrantra etc. which are situated within the koshtha. In modern anatomy, G.I.T. or Alimentary canal includes all the structures between the mouth and anus, forming a continuous passageway that includes the main organ of digestion, namely the stomach small intestine and large intestine, each part of the Gastric intestinal tract is adapted to its specific function. The 'oesophagus' function primarily to conduct food rapidly from the pharynx to the stomach mixing along with the digestive juic- es, carrying out partial digestion and then propelling the food into the duodenum is the function of the stomach small intestine is designed for complete digestion and absorption of nutrients. Absorption of water and electrolyte from the chyme to form solid faeces is the function of the large intestine. Pakwashaya is the main organ related to the site of Vata Dosha, Purishvaha srotas, Purishdhara kala, Koshthanga and Aashaya. Pakwashaya plays an important role in formation of urine and digestion of food. Keywords: Pakwashaya, Purish

scholarly journals Magnesium Sensing Regulates Intestinal Colonization of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7

mBio ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yutao Liu ◽  
Runhua Han ◽  
Junyue Wang ◽  
Pan Yang ◽  
Fang Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Regulatory System ◽  
Regulatory Pathway ◽  
Content Type ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Low Magnesium ◽  
Enterocyte Effacement

ABSTRACT The large intestinal pathogen enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 detects host cues to regulate virulence gene expression during colonization and infection. However, virulence regulatory mechanisms of EHEC O157:H7 in the human large intestine are not fully understood. Herein, we identified a virulence-regulating pathway where the PhoQ/PhoP two-component regulatory system senses low magnesium levels and signals to the O island 119-encoded Z4267 (LmiA; low magnesium-induced regulator A), directly activating loci of enterocyte effacement genes to promote EHEC O157:H7 adherence in the large intestine. Disruption of this pathway significantly decreased EHEC O157:H7 adherence in the mouse intestinal tract. Moreover, feeding mice a magnesium-rich diet significantly reduced EHEC O157:H7 adherence in vivo. This LmiA-mediated virulence regulatory pathway is also conserved among several EHEC and enteropathogenic E. coli serotypes; therefore, our findings support the use of magnesium as a dietary supplement and provide greater insights into the dietary cues that can prevent enteric infections. IMPORTANCE Sensing specific gut metabolites is an important strategy for inducing crucial virulence programs by enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 during colonization and infection. Here, we identified a virulence-regulating pathway wherein the PhoQ/PhoP two-component regulatory system signals to the O island 119-encoded low magnesium-induced regulator A (LmiA), which, in turn, activates locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE) genes to promote EHEC O157:H7 adherence in the low-magnesium conditions of the large intestine. This regulatory pathway is widely present in a range of EHEC and enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) serotypes. Disruption of this pathway significantly decreased EHEC O157:H7 adherence in the mouse intestinal tract. Moreover, mice fed a magnesium-rich diet showed significantly reduced EHEC O157:H7 adherence in vivo, indicating that magnesium may help in preventing EHEC and EPEC infection in humans.

Ammonia in the large intestine of herbivores

1971 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Hecker
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Amino Nitrogen ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Intestinal Contents ◽  
Rate Of Absorption ◽  
Small Intestinal

1. The object was toinvestigate the importance of urea a source of ammonia in the large intestine of herbivores. Urea was present in small intestinal contents of slaughtered horses in concentrations similar to those in blood but, in the small intestine of salughtered sheep, the urea was less than in blooc.2. There was little ammonia in small intestinal contents of slaughtered horses but consider-able ammonia was present in small intestinal contents of slaughtered sheep. The ammonia in small intestinal contents of the slaughtered sheep was probably formed from urea, as ileal con-tents taken from a sheep with an ileal cannula contained considerable urea and little ammonia.3. The ammonia concentration in caecal contents of sheep was related to the concentration of urea in blood except when ileal contents were prevented from entering the caecum.4. Ileal digesta of sheep contained more free amino nitrogen than did caecal digesta.5. Ammonia was absorbed more rapidly than water from the caecum of sheep. The rate of absorption was related to the concentration of ammonia in the caecum.

scholarly journals Observations on the fermentation of carbohydrates along the gastro-intestinal tract of a fistulated cow.

1973 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 217-226
Author(s):  
B.D.E. Gaillard ◽  
A.T. van 't Klooster
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Uronic Acids ◽  
Glucose Polymer ◽  
Intestinal Contents ◽  
Cellulose Fermentation ◽  
Gastro Intestinal Tract

One cow was provided with cannulae in the proximal duodenum and terminal ileum. Three experimental rations were offered: 1, hay 7 kg/day and concentrate 6; 2, hay 3 kg/day, paper pulp 3 and concentrate 3.7; 3, fresh grass 11 kg DM/day. Rations 2 and 2 were given twice daily and 3 was offered more frequently. Experimental periods were 5 days in experiment 1 and 7 days in 2 and 3. Samples were taken from each cannula every 2 h for 5 days. Faeces were collected in each period. Flow rate of the intestinal contents was measured with polyethylene glycol and chromium sesquioxide as markers. Carbohydrates in the feed, digesta and faeces were fractionated according to solubility into ethanol-soluble sugars, alpha -glucose polymers, fructosan, water-soluble polysaccharides other than alpha -glucose polymers and fructosan, neutral-detergent-soluble polysaccharides and neutral-detergent residue. Sugars, sialic and uronic acids were measured in the hydrolysates and the sugars were separated chromatographically.Most of the ethanol-soluble sugars and all the fructosan was digested in the rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum, considered collectively as the stomach. Digestion of alpha -glucose polymer occurred mainly in the stomach and only 5 to 10% was digested in the small intestine and caecum with colon. The hay and concentrate ration contained more starch than the others and a higher proportion of this was digested in the small intestine and caecum with colon (20.3 and 6.8% of the digestible starch). The water-soluble fraction was digested mostly in the stomach; on rations 1 and 3 more component carbohydrates disappeared from the small intestine than the caecum with colon. Bacterial polysaccharides were thought to be digested in the small intestine and some bacterial growth was indicated, particularly on ration 2 which contained large amounts of cellulose. Fermentation and addition of bacterial polysaccharides and mucus confused the picture of digestion of the neutral-detergent-soluble fraction, but on all 3 rations it was higher in the small intestine than in the caecum with colon. The neutral-detergent residue was mainly fermented in the stomach and the caecum with colon. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

scholarly journals Assessing the impact of select intestinal tract conditions on expression of lee encoded genes in enterohemorrhagic escherichia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veronica Cojocari
Keyword(s):  
Large Intestine ◽  
Type Iii Secretion ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acid ◽  
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia Coli ◽  
Lesion Formation ◽  
Successful Infection ◽  
Gfp Reporter ◽  
Animal Hosts ◽  
The Impact

Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 strain 86-24 accomplishes successful infection upon creating attaching and effacing (A/E) lesions on the enterocytes found in the large intestine. The A/E lesion event is possible due to the type III secretion system (T3SS) spanning the EHEC inner and outer membrane. T3SS is a molecular syringe that enables EHEC to establish trans-kingdom interactions with human and other animal hosts. The assembly and regulation of the T3SS is poorly understood. GFP reporter assay experiments showed that short chain fatty acid (SCFA) mixes representative of the large intestine increase the activity of the esp promoter that precedes the espA gene, an important component of the T3SS. Attachment data experiments showed that EspA is essential for EHEC attachment to HEp-2 epithelial cells. The data shows that biochemical cues encountered by EHEC play a role in the regulation and assembly of the T3SS ultimately leading to A/E lesion formation.

Hindgut fermentation in dogs

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 65-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
I Singh ◽  
W Hendriks ◽  
L Tucker ◽  
D G Thomas ◽  
G Fahey
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Fibrous Material ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Microbial Population ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Relative Length ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Nutritional Needs ◽  
Gastro Intestinal Tract

There is a large body of research investigating the nutritional needs of the dog at different life-stages and the use of different feed ingredients in commercial diets (Clapper et al, 2001; Schroeder & Smith, 2008). Despite this, though there has been relatively little published work looking at the role the large intestine plays in nutrient digestion in the dog. The dog’s gastro-intestinal tract has been compared to the cat’s in terms of relative length. However the cat is a true carnivore and has little need to ferment fibre from the diet, whereas the dog is a scavenger and will consume a much wider range of food, and therefore may need to ferment fibrous material from the diet. The dog may therefore require a more developed large intestine to harbour a microbial population to aid in the digestion of this fibrous material. This study was performed to determine differences in digestion of nutrients in this segment of the canine gastrointestinal tract.

THE USE OF THE DRUG «LIVE BACTERIA» FOR BEES FEEDING IN WINTER

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 335-341
Author(s):  
G.M. Kryukovskaya ◽  
◽  
N.Y. Sysoeva ◽  
I.G. Glamazdin ◽  
T.O. Maryushina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Honey Bees ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Intestinal Wall ◽  
Biological Product ◽  
Opportunistic Bacteria ◽  
Intestinal Contents ◽  
Live Bacteria ◽  
Living Bacteria

The purpose of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the probiotic biological product "Living bacteria" for feeding bees in winter. The researches were carried out on honey bees of the Central Russian breed on private apiaries in Moscow and Pskov regions. The bees of experienced families who received feeding with probiotics the intestinal wall was elastic, the intestinal tract was removed easily and entirely, the excrements were dense and homogeneous. The intestines of bees from control families were filled with liquid excrement, its walls were loose. After using of probiotics, the processes of digestion and evacuation of intestinal contents improved, the content of undigested pollen, detritus and opportunistic bacteria decreased in the excrements. The survival rate of bees in winter has increased.

Repair of Wounds of the Mucosa in the Rectum of the Cat

Development ◽  
1958 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 509-517
Author(s):  
R. M. H. McMinn ◽  
F. R. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Ulcerative Colitis ◽  
Wound Healing ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Ulcer Healing ◽  
Alimentary Canal ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Peptic Ulceration ◽  
Repair Processes ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Mucosal Lesions

Investigators of wound healing in the alimentary canal have carried out their experiments mainly in the gastro-duodenal region, in view of the importance of the problem of peptic ulceration in man. Little attention has been paid to repair processes at lower levels of the intestinal tract; histological investigations on this subject in the large intestine appear to have been carried out only by O'Connor (1954, 1956) and by Lumb & Protheroe (1955). Sircus (1956) studied the ulceration that ensued in portions of colon that had been implanted into the stomach wall in dogs, but his interest lay in the mechanism of ulcer production rather than ulcer healing, and Truelove's (1957) biopsies from patients with ulcerative colitis were used largely to assess a method of treatment and not to investigate repair processes. The present series of experiments was carried out in order to study the repair of mucosal lesions in the rectum of the cat.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document