Interacting effects of MON 12000 and CGA-152005 with other herbicides in velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti)

Greenhouse and laboratory studies were conducted to determine the effects of dicamba, atrazine, and bentazon on efficacy, foliar absorption, and translocation of MON 12000 or CGA-152005 applied to velvetleaf. The efficacy of MON 12000, CGA-152005, and a combination of CGA-152005 plus primisulfuron applied at 4.5 g ai ha−1was similar when applied alone or with 140 g ha−1of dicamba. However, applying these herbicides in combination with 840 or 560 g ha−1of atrazine or bentazon, respectively, reduced velvetleaf control. Increasing the rate of MON 12000, CGA-152005, or the combination of CGA-152005 plus primisulfuron to 9 g ai ha−1or replacing crop oil concentrate (COC) with methylated seed oil (MSO) increased velvetleaf control of the atrazine and bentazon combinations but not to levels equal to these herbicides applied alone. Dicamba had no effect on the foliar absorption and translocation of14C from MON 12000 or CGA-152005. Atrazine had little effect on foliar absorption of14C from MON 12000 or CGA-152005, but bentazon reduced the foliar absorption of14C from MON 12000. Replacing COC with MSO increased the foliar absorption of14C from MON 12000 or CGA-152005 applied alone or with dicamba or atrazine, but not with bentazon. Translocation of14C from MON 12000 or CGA-152005 out of the treated leaves was 11 and 12%, respectively, averaged across adjuvants and sampling times. These values were reduced to an average of 3 to 4% for both MON 12000 and CGA-152005 when applied in combination with atrazine or bentazon. The majority of14C from MON 12000 or CGA-152005 was translocated acropetally. Atrazine and bentazon significantly reduced the acropetal translocation of14C from MON 12000 at 24 and 72 h and for CGA-152005 at 12, 24, and 72 h. The physiological basis for the observed antagonism of MON 12000 and CGA-152005 by atrazine and bentazon appears to be due to reductions in acropetal translocation of MON 12000 and CGA-152005 to velvetleaf meristems.

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Atrazine Reduces Primisulfuron Transport to Meristems of Giant Foxtail (Setaria faberi) and Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti)

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500057532 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 41 (1) ◽

pp. 28-33 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Stephen E. Hart ◽

Donald Penner

Keyword(s):

Abutilon Theophrasti ◽

Laboratory Studies ◽

Weed Species ◽

Foliar Absorption ◽

Setaria Faberi ◽

Giant Foxtail ◽

Sampling Times

Greenhouse and laboratory studies were conducted to determine the effect of atrazine on efficacy, absorption, translocation, and metabolism of primisulfuron applied to velvetleaf and giant foxtail. Efficacy of primisulfuron was reduced by 18 and 22% when applied at 20 and 40 g ai ha−1, respectively, in combination with 1.7 kg ai ha−1atrazine to velvetleaf. Efficacy of primisulfuron was reduced by 15 and 16% when applied at 30 or 60 g ai ha−1, respectively, in combination with 1.7 kg ai ha−1atrazine to giant foxtail. Foliar absorption of14C-primisulfuron by either weed species was not affected by addition of atrazine to the treatment solution. Atrazine had no effect on metabolism of14C-primisulfuron by either weed species. In the absence of atrazine, translocation of absorbed14C from primisulfuron out of treated leaves of velvetleaf and giant foxtail averaged 19 and 29%, respectively, across sampling times. These values were reduced to an average of 9 and 16% in velvetleaf and giant foxtail, respectively, when14C-primisulfuron was applied in combination with atrazine. The majority of translocated14C from primisulfuron was transported acropetally in velvetleaf and basipetally in giant foxtail. Atrazine significantly reduced14C translocation from primisulfuron to these meristematic sinks in both weed species. Reduced translocation was positively correlated with reduced control of these weeds when primisulfuron was tank mixed with atrazine.

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Dicamba Antagonizes Grass Weed Control with Imazethapyr by Reducing Foliar Absorption

Weed Technology ◽

10.1017/s0890037x00040872 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 828-834 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Stephen E. Hart ◽

Loyd M. Wax

Keyword(s):

Ammonium Sulfate ◽

Sodium Salt ◽

Seed Oil ◽

Foliar Spray ◽

Ionic Surfactant ◽

Laboratory Studies ◽

Foliar Absorption ◽

Giant Foxtail ◽

Application Rates ◽

Grass Weed

Greenhouse and laboratory studies were conducted to determine the effects of tank-mixing the sodium salt of dicamba (Na-dicamba) with imazethapyr on the efficacy and foliar absorption of imazethapyr, applied with non-ionic surfactant (NIS) or methylated seed oil (MSO), by shattercane, giant foxtail, and large crabgrass. The effects of various salt formulations of dicamba and the addition of ammonium sulfate on efficacy,14C-absorption and on foliar spray retention by the same species were also evaluated. Na-dicamba antagonized imazethapyr efficacy by reducing14C-absorption. Using MSO instead of NIS prevented antagonism when Na-dicamba was applied at 70 and 140 g/ha and reduced the severity of the antagonism at greater application rates by greatly increasing14C-absorption compared to NIS. Reductions in14C-absorption and spray retention were due to the salt formulations of dicamba rather than the parent acid. The addition of ammonium sulfate prevented dicamba antagonism of imazethapyr toxicity to grassy weeds by maintaining14C foliar absorption and spray retention at normal levels.

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Physiological response of soybean (Glycine max) and two weed species to thifensulfuron and bentazon combinations

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500091542 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 47 (2) ◽

pp. 143-148 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Darren W. Lycan ◽

Stephen E. Hart

Keyword(s):

Glycine Max ◽

Physiological Response ◽

Absorption Study ◽

Laboratory Studies ◽

Weed Species ◽

Physiological Basis ◽

Foliar Absorption ◽

Common Lambsquarters ◽

Urea Ammonium Nitrate ◽

Metabolism Study

Greenhouse and laboratory studies were conducted to determine the effects of bentazon on the crop safety, efficacy, foliar absorption, and translocation of thifensulfuron when it is applied to soybean, velvetleaf, and common lambsquarters. A metabolism study was conducted on soybean. Thifensulfuron applied at 1.1 g ai ha−-1with 28% urea ammonium nitrate (2.5% v/v) and BAS-0904805 (Dash) adjuvant (0.63% v/v) reduced the growth of velvetleaf and common lambsquarters by an average of 91 and 84%, respectively. The addition of 420 g ai bentazon ha−-1had no effect on thifensulfuron efficacy in the weed species. Soybean dry weights were decreased by 58% when thifensulfuron was applied at 2.2 g ha−-1but were decreased by only 36% when bentazon, at 420 g ha−-1, was added. In the absorption study, the addition of bentazon reduced foliar absorption of14C-thifensulfuron into velvetleaf and common lambsquarters 8 and 24 h after treatment (HAT), but absorption into soybean was not affected. Bentazon reduced the translocation of14C from thifensulfuron out of the treated leaves of velvetleaf and common lambsquarters by at least 16 and 11%, respectively, beyond 24 HAT. Soybean translocated 18, 29, and 26% of absorbed14C out of the treated leaflets 24, 72, and 168 HAT, respectively. These translocation values were reduced to 7, 12, and 11%, respectively, when bentazon was tank-mixed with thifensulfuron. Soybean metabolized 35% of recovered14C-thifensulfuron by 24 HAT. Addition of bentazon did not change this level of metabolism. These studies suggest that the physiological basis for the decrease of soybean injury from thifensulfuron, when it is tank-mixed with bentazon, is decreased thifensulfuron translocation.

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Control of Silk Tree (Albizia julibrissin) with Aminocyclopyrachlor and Other Herbicides

Weed Science ◽

10.1614/ws-d-11-00161.1 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 60 (3) ◽

pp. 345-349 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Rebecca M. Koepke-Hill ◽

Gregory R. Armel ◽

James T. Brosnan ◽

Gregory K. Breeden ◽

Jose J. Vargas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Seed Oil ◽

Woody Species ◽

Laboratory Studies ◽

Initial Activity ◽

Foliar Absorption ◽

Albizia Julibrissin ◽

Enhanced Activity

Research was conducted to determine the efficacy of aminocyclopyrachlor in comparison to glyphosate, clopyralid, fluroxypyr, and triclopyr for silk tree (commonly known as mimosa) control. In the greenhouse, aminocyclopyrachlor was applied at 8.75, 17.5, 35, and 70 g ha−1with and without methylated seed oil (MSO) at 0.5% v/v. Efficacy of these treatments was compared to glyphosate and triclopyr at 1,350 g ha−1, fluroxypyr at 103 g ha−1, and clopyralid at 100 g ha−1. Few differences in silk tree control were detected by 28 d after treatment (DAT), as aminocyclopyrachlor with MSO controlled silk tree 87 to 100% compared to 53 to 100% for aminocyclopyrachlor without MSO. Aminocyclopyrachlor at 35 g ha−1provided silk tree control similar to glyphosate, triclopyr, clopyralid, and fluroxypyr regardless of adjuvant. Inclusion of MSO enhanced initial activity of aminocyclopyrachlor after application. At 7 DAT, 8.75 g ha−1of aminocyclopyrachlor plus MSO controlled silk tree similar to aminocyclopyrachlor alone at 70 g ha−1. In laboratory studies, absorption of14C-aminocyclopyrachlor 2 h after treatment (HAT) with MSO measured 93% compared to only 62% for14C-aminocyclopyrachlor without MSO. By 24 HAT, absorption of14C-aminocyclopyrachlor measured 99 and 71% for applications with and without MSO, respectively. Increased foliar absorption with MSO may explain enhanced activity observed 7 DAT in greenhouse studies, as no effects in14C-aminocyclopyrachlor translocation due to adjuvant were observed. Responses suggest MSO increased the speed of silk tree control with aminocyclopyrachlor and may also improve rainfastness of aminocyclopyrachlor applications for control of silk tree and other woody species.

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Absorption and activity of foramsulfuron in giant foxtail (Setaria faberi) and woolly cupgrass (Eriochloa villosa) with various adjuvants

Weed Science ◽

10.1614/ws-03-135r ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 52 (4) ◽

pp. 513-517 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Jeffrey A. Bunting ◽

Christy L. Sprague ◽

Dean E. Riechers

Keyword(s):

Seed Oil ◽

Laboratory Studies ◽

Foliar Absorption ◽

Setaria Faberi ◽

Giant Foxtail ◽

Woolly Cupgrass ◽

Rate Of Absorption ◽

Urea Ammonium Nitrate ◽

Eriochloa Villosa ◽

And Control

Greenhouse and laboratory studies were conducted to examine the activity and foliar absorption of foramsulfuron in giant foxtail and woolly cupgrass with various adjuvants. Adjuvant selection was important for giant foxtail control. Foramsulfuron provided 90% or greater giant foxtail control with the addition of methylated seed oil (MSO) or MSO plus 28% urea ammonium nitrate (UAN). When a crop oil concentrate (COC) or a nonionic surfactant (NIS) was added to foramsulfuron, giant foxtail control was only 20%. However, when 28% UAN was added to COC or NIS, control was increased to 90 and 85%, respectively. Foramsulfuron absorption and control were closely related in giant foxtail. Foliar absorption of14C-foramsulfuron in giant foxtail ranged between 35 and 90% 24 h after treatment (HAT) depending on adjuvant selection. The rate of absorption was greatest when MSO plus 28% UAN was added to foramsulfuron and absorption was maximized 4 HAT. Foramsulfuron absorption in woolly cupgrass reached its maximum levels 2 HAT with all adjuvant combinations. Although the rate of foramsulfuron absorption was quicker in woolly cupgrass, absorption trends by adjuvants were similar to those in giant foxtail. Maximum absorption of14C-foramsulfuron in woolly cupgrass was 84% with the addition of MSO plus 28% UAN. However, even with high levels of absorption, woolly cupgrass control with foramsulfuron was poor and may be related to rapid metabolism to nonphytotoxic compounds.

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Foliar Penetration and Phytotoxicity of Paraquat as Influenced by Peanut Cultivar1

Peanut Science ◽

10.3146/i0095-3679-18-2-2 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

pp. 67-71 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

G. Wehtje ◽

J. W. Wilcut ◽

J. A. McGuire ◽

T. V. Hicks

Keyword(s):

Arachis Hypogaea ◽

Untreated Control ◽

Field Studies ◽

Yield Potential ◽

Laboratory Studies ◽

Foliar Absorption ◽

Arachis Hypogaea L ◽

Herbicide Treatments ◽

Peanut Cultivars

Abstract Field studies were conducted over a three year period to examine the sensitivity of four peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars (Florunner, Sunrunner, Southern runner, and NC 7) to foliar applications of paraquat (1, 1′-dimethyl-4, 4′-bipyridinium ion). Treatments included an untreated control and four herbicide treatments: paraquat applied alone at 0.14 and 0.28 kg/ha, or tank mixed with alachlor [2-chloro-N-(2, 6-diethylphenyl)-N-(methoxymethyl)acetamide] at 4.40 kg/ha. Weeds were hand-removed so that only herbicidal treatments were variables. Paraquat phytotoxicity did not differ between cultivars. No cultivar evaluated was abnormally sensitive nor tolerant to any paraquat-containing treatment. Laboratory studies utilizing radio labelled paraquat revealed that foliar absorption and translocation of paraquat did not vary between peanut cultivars. Yield differences were attributed to differences in yield potential between cultivars.

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The differential transmissibility of myxoma virus strains of differing virulence grades by the rabbit flea Spilopsyllus cuniculi (Dale)

Journal of Hygiene ◽

10.1017/s0022172400047276 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 75 (2) ◽

pp. 237-247 ◽

Cited By ~ 40

Author(s):

A. R. Mead-Briggs ◽

J. A. Vaughan

Keyword(s):

Host Resistance ◽

Oryctolagus Cuniculus ◽

Selective Advantage ◽

Myxoma Virus ◽

Laboratory Studies ◽

Natural Conditions ◽

Male And Female ◽

The Mean ◽

Virus Strains ◽

Sampling Times

SUMMARYLaboratory studies showed that few rabbit fleas (Spilopsyllus cuniculi (Dale)) transmitted myxomatosis after removal from wild rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus (L)) that had been infected for fewer than 10–12 days, irrespective of the virulence of the myxoma virus strain involved. Rabbits infected with fully virulent (Grade I) strains died within 10–15 days and few fleas from these hosts became infective; averaging all the samples taken, 12% of the fleas were infective. Also, few fleas acquired infectivity on individual rabbits which recovered from infection with attenuated strains; the mean was 8% infective. Rabbits which died between 17 and 44 days after infection had higher proportions of infective fleas at all sampling times; the mean was 42% infective. Male and female fleas transmitted virus with equal efficiency.For rabbits infected with any of the attenuated virus strains the mean percentage of infective fleas was inversely related to the survival time of the host. Rabbits infected with moderately attenuated strains (Grades IIIA and IIIB) had, on average, the highest proportion of infective fleas; hence such strains have a selective advantage and have become predominant under natural conditions in Britain. The changes that might occur if there is an increase in host resistance to myxomatosis are discussed.

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Effects of Droplet Composition on Glyphosate Absorption and Translocation in Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti)

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500071563 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 39 (2) ◽

pp. 251-254 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

John R. Cranmer ◽

Dean L. Linscott

Keyword(s):

Surfactant Concentration ◽

Abutilon Theophrasti ◽

Laboratory Studies ◽

Shoot Tissue ◽

Relative Absorption ◽

Treated Leaf ◽

Negative Effect

In laboratory studies, absorption and translocation of glyphosate in velvetleaf was dependent on the concentration of both glyphosate and surfactant in the applied droplet(s). At equivalent total quantities applied, absorption by leaves was greater with concentrated droplets than with more dilute droplets in greater number. Increasing the surfactant concentration increased the relative absorption of dilute glyphosate droplets but did not overcome the negative effect of higher droplet number on total amount absorbed. More glyphosate was translocated from concentrated versus the most dilute droplets at equivalent total quantity applied. Conversely, more absorbed glyphosate from dilute droplet applications remained in the treated leaves. About 90% of translocated14C glyphosate from the most concentrated drops was distributed evenly between roots and shoot tissue above the treated leaf and the remainder in shoot tissue below the treated leaf. As droplet number increased and surfactant concentration decreased, the relative amount of glyphosate distributed in roots declined in relation to shoots.

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Absorption and Translocation of Buthidazole

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500055442 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 28 (3) ◽

pp. 352-357 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Lloyd C. Haderlie

Keyword(s):

Nutrient Solution ◽

Growth Stage ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Abutilon Theophrasti ◽

Plant Tissues ◽

Steady State Condition ◽

Foliar Absorption ◽

Rate Of Absorption ◽

Glycine Max L ◽

Soybean Leaves

Absorption and translocation of buthidazole [3-[5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl]-4-hydroxy-1-methyl-2-imidazolidinone] was determined in several plant tissues. Buthidazole caused slight effects on seed germination. Germination of soybean (Glycine max L.Merr. ‘Williams’) seeds was inhibited up to 15% and velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrastiMedic.) was stimulated up to 13%. Buthidazole was absorbed by germinating soybeans, velvetleaf, and corn (Zea maysL.) with rate of absorption increasing when roots were capable of absorption. Buthidazole concentrations of 0.5 μM or greater inhibited growth of soybean in the early second-trifoliolate growth stage when supplied to the roots in nutrient solution. Within 96 h, 29% of the buthidazole available to soybeans was absorbed from nutrient solution and 89% of that absorbed was found in the shoots. The expanded leaves of soybean accumulated the majority of the radioactivity. Radioactivity in roots of soybean approached a steady state condition within 96 h, whereas14C continued to increase in shoots. Foliar absorption of buthidazole in soybean greatly increased when any one of several surfactants were used. Soybean dry weight reduction nearly doubled by adding surfactants. Over 60% of the14C-buthidazole applied to soybean leaves was absorbed within 1.5 h, and increased to 73% by 96 h when the nonionic surfactant, AL-411-F3[Phytobland Spray Oil (83%) plus ATPLUS 300F (17%)] was used compared to only 7% in 96 h without the surfactant. There was little or no movement of buthidazole from the treated leaves. Translocation was typical of apoplastic movement.

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