scholarly journals Economic Analysis of Commercial Layer Production Decisions for Family Farm Operators

1973 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-152
Author(s):  
G. Chris Lance
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Integration ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Production Contracts ◽  
Production Growth ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Sixties ◽  
Retail Prices ◽  
Farm Operators ◽  
Independent Ownership ◽  
Small Producers

Egg production in Georgia traditionally was by small producers with eggs marketed through retail stores. Beginning in the early 1960's feed millers, egg distributors and broiler integrators began shifting from broilers and other enterprises to commercial egg production. Growth of the industry through the decade of the sixties developed into two different types of production and marketing structures. Industry leaders primarily interested in selling feed, and handling eggs encouraged expansion of independent ownership of flocks by small producers. Independent producers purchased feed and started pullets at retail prices and sold eggs on a grade-yield basis to processor-distributors. Other industry leaders encouraged vertical integration by offering production contracts. Contract producers provided facilities and labor for egg production and received a fixed payment per unit from the integrator. The integrators owned the layers and provided feed, medication and supervision for flocks.

scholarly journals The Optimal Mechanism Design of Retail Prices in the Electricity Market for Several Types of Consumers

Mathematics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 1147
Author(s):  
Natalia Aizenberg ◽  
Nikolai Voropai
Keyword(s):  
Electricity Market ◽  
Electric Power System ◽  
Optimal Mechanism ◽  
General Welfare ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Payment Schemes ◽  
Retail Prices ◽  
Adverse Selection Problem ◽  
Pricing Schemes ◽  
Dependent Demand

In this paper, we discuss the demand side management (DSM) problem: how to incentivize a consumer to equalize the load during the day through price-dependent demand. Traditionally, the retail market offers several electricity payment schemes. A scheme is effective when the different tariffs satisfy different consumers. At the same time, the existing and generally accepted retail pricing schemes can lead to an "adverse selection" problem when all consumers choose the same price, thereby, reducing the possible general welfare. We propose an optimal design of pricing mechanisms, taking into account the interests of the electricity supplier and different types of consumers. The results of our work are that the optimal mechanism is implemented simultaneously for several periods, including the case when the ratio of types of consumers in periods changes. In addition, the mechanism proposed by us, in contrast to the studies of other researchers, provides an equilibrium close to the socially optimal maximum. We describe the implementation algorithm of the mechanism and provide examples of its action in the electric power system with different types and numbers of consumers.

scholarly journals Transcriptome changes underlie alterations in behavioral traits in different types of chicken

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Siyu Chen ◽  
Chao Yan ◽  
Hai Xiang ◽  
Jinlong Xiao ◽  
Jian Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Artificial Selection ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Dual Purpose ◽  
Behavioral Traits ◽  
Native Breed ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Brain

Abstract In recent decades, artificial selection has contributed greatly to meeting the demands for animal meat, eggs, and milk. However, it has also resulted in changes in behavior, metabolic and digestive function, and alterations in tissue development, including the brain and skeleton. Our study aimed to profile the behavioral traits and transcriptome pattern of chickens (broilers, layers, and dual-purpose breeds) in response to artificial selection. Broilers spent less time gathered as a group in a novel arena (P < 0.01), suggesting reduced fearfulness in these birds. Broilers also showed a greater willingness to approach a model predator during a vigilance test but had a greater behavioral response when first exposed to the vocalization of the predator. Genes found to be upregulated and downregulated in previous work on chickens divergently selected for fear responses also showed consistent differences in expression between breeds in our study and indicated a reduction in fearfulness in broilers. Gene ACTB_G1 (actin) was differentially expressed between breeds and is a candidate gene involved with skeletal muscle growth and disease susceptibility in broilers. Furthermore, breed-specific alterations in the chicken domestic phenotype leading to differences in growth and egg production were associated with behavioral changes, which are probably underpinned by alterations in gene expression, gene ontology terms, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways. The results highlight the change in behavior and gene expression of the broiler strain relative to the layer and a dual-purpose native breed.

Reconsidering Vertical Integration: An Examination of National Political Parties and Their Counterparts in Ontario

2014 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott Pruysers
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Organizational Structure ◽  
Vertical Integration ◽  
Organizational Design ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Canadian Politics ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Party Members ◽  
Multiple Levels

AbstractThis paper reconsiders whether federal and provincial parties are as independent and separate as the literature would suggest. Examining five different types of party personnel (party members, activists, riding presidents, candidates and legislators) this paper explores how federal parties and their counterparts in Ontario have responded to multi-level governance. Rather than embracing “two political worlds,” party personnel have responded to the federal nature of Canadian politics by engaging with parties at multiple levels. Additionally, the paper examines two competing explanations of party integration and seeks to uncover whether differences organizational design or ideological consistency best explain divergent levels of party integration. The experience of the Conservatives demonstrates that vertical integration is not a result of a party's organizational design alone and that a coherent ideology can help to offset a truncated organizational structure.

scholarly journals Investigating the Association between Farmers’ Organizational Participation and Types of Agricultural Product Certifications: Empirical Evidence from a National Farm Households Survey in Taiwan

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 9429
Author(s):  
Mei-Yin Kuan ◽  
Szu-Yung Wang ◽  
Jiun-Hao Wang
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Agricultural Product ◽  
Farm Labor ◽  
Agricultural Cooperatives ◽  
Product Certification ◽  
Organizational Participation ◽  
Farm Type ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Farm Operators

Agricultural product certifications have proliferated due to the growing concerns in many countries over food safety and environmental sustainability. Encouraging farmers to self-organize was regarded as a useful tool to enhance the adoption of agricultural product certifications in Taiwan. However, previous studies solely focused on the association between membership in a production organization and single food certifications. Moreover, little is known of how different types of organizational participation could improve the adoption of agricultural product certifications. This study seeks to fill this knowledge gap by employing multinomial logistic regression model (MNL) to investigate factors affecting farmers’ decisions to participate in agricultural product certification. Special attention is paid to the role of different types of organizational participation in farmers’ choices for agricultural product certification. The study used a nationally representative sample of core farmers in Taiwan, and its results revealed evident differences in farmers’ organization types. For example, the farm operators who participate in agricultural cooperatives (co-ops) tend to use organic labels. In contrast, farm operators who participate in agricultural production and marketing groups (APMGs) tend to adopt the Traceable Agricultural Products (TAP) label. Moreover, age, education level, farming experience, farm labor, farm type, agricultural facilities, and regional location have a significant effect on farmers’ choices for participating in agricultural product certification across different models. The findings suggest that policymakers should consider these differences in the organizational operation of APMGs and co-ops and provide customized measures by promoting different types of agricultural product certifications.

scholarly journals A study on the influence of poultry feed on the size, weight and protein content of egg

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-125
Author(s):  
Revathy S.
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Domestic Fowl ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Egg Size ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
Poultry Feed ◽  
Distillers Grains With Solubles ◽  
Cooked Rice ◽  
Standard Procedures ◽  
Different Types

Abstract: The egg of domestic fowl has been an important constituent of the cuisine of people around the world. The present study was carried out with the objective to analyse the influence of selected poultry feed on the size, weight and protein content of egg by feeding the hens with four different types of feed. Hens of the laying Gramasree variety were used in this experiments. Egg size, weight and the protein content was recorded as per standard procedures. Egg production significantly reduced in hen fed with cooked rice alone. When considering egg size and weight, domestic fowl fed with wheat, soya and groundnut had greater size. However, there has not been much variation in the protein content of all the eggs produced by the four hens in the present study. The study provides a baseline indication that the quality, size and weight of the egg are greatly influenced by their feed. Keywords: Dried Rice Distillers Grains with Solubles (RDGS), Vanaraja Birds, Production performance

A comparison of the size at maturity of female American lobsters (Homarus americanus) over three decades and across coastal areas of the Gulf of Maine using ovarian staging

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesica D Waller ◽  
Kathleen M Reardon ◽  
Sarah E Caron ◽  
Blaise P Jenner ◽  
Erin L Summers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Egg Production ◽  
Gulf Of Maine ◽  
Stock Assessment ◽  
Coastal Region ◽  
Homarus Americanus ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
American Lobster ◽  
Size At Maturity ◽  
Management Measures ◽  
Production Growth

Abstract The carapace length (CL) at which American lobster (Homarus americanus) females reach maturity can be used to evaluate egg production, growth patterns, and the overall health of lobster stocks. The female maturity datasets used to represent Gulf of Maine (GOM) lobsters in the 2015 Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission American Lobster Stock Assessment were collected in the 1990s by the Maine Department of Marine Resources at two coastal sites. Many studies have demonstrated an inverse relationship between temperature and the size at maturity in female lobsters, and GOM waters have warmed significantly over this period. To update these GOM maturity datasets, we used ovarian staging to determine the maturity status of over 1200 females from fives sites over 3 years. Broad application of this methodology in tandem with key growth measurements on females 50–120 mm CL allowed us to characterize reproductive development and generate maturity ogives (proportion mature at a given CL). We observed a latitudinal gradient in the size at maturity across this coastal region of the GOM and quantified a decrease in this size over 25 years. These findings have implications for future stock assessment approaches and management measures implemented to sustain this valuable fishery.

Costs of Sales Forces, Substitution between Competing Products, and Vertical Integration Decisions

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chung-Hui Chou
Keyword(s):  
Social Welfare ◽  
Vertical Integration ◽  
Vertical Structure ◽  
Merger Policy ◽  
Equilibrium Outcome ◽  
Vertical Merger ◽  
Policy Relevance ◽  
Retail Prices ◽  
Sales Forces ◽  
Sales Delegation

Abstract This paper analyzes duopolistic firms’ vertical integration decisions with considering costs of sales forces and sales delegation under vertical integration. The main contribution of our research is showing that full vertical integration (separation) is more common when competing products are highly (weakly) substitutable. Second, contrary to conventional wisdom, an asymmetric vertical structure may not only be an equilibrium outcome but may also be optimal for consumers’ surplus in spite of yielding higher retail prices than those arising under full vertical integration. We also examine the impacts of vertical structures on welfare which have vertical merger policy relevance. First, when products are weakly substitutable, keeping vertical merger costs low may induce full vertical integration to be an equilibrium outcome which optimizes consumers’ surplus and social welfare simultaneously. Second, imposing a vertical merger tax increasing with substitution between products on firms may induce firms’ vertical integration decisions to be optimal for social welfare.

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