Spindle shaped bodies in foveolar cones of the baboon retina

Author(s):  
W. Krebs ◽  
I. Krebs

Various inclusion bodies occur in vertebrate retinal photoreceptor cells. Most of them are membrane bound and associated with phagocytosis or they are age related residual bodies. We found an additional inclusion body in foveal cone cells of the baboon (Papio anubis) retina.The eyes of a 15 year old baboon were fixed by immersion in cacodylate buffered glutaraldehyde (2%)/formaldehyde (2%) as described in detail elsewhere . Pieces of retina from various locations, including the fovea, were embedded in epoxy resin such that radial or tangential sections could be cut.Spindle shaped inclusion bodies were found in the cytoplasm of only foveal cones. They were abundant in the inner segments, close to the external limiting membrane (Fig. 1). But they also occurred in the outer fibers, the perikarya, and the inner fibers (Henle’s fibers) of the cone cells. The bodies were between 0.5 and 2 μm long. Their central diameter was 0.2 to 0. 3 μm. They always were oriented parallel to the long axis of the cone cells. In longitudinal sections (Figs. 2,3) they seemed to have a fibrous skeleton that, in cross sections, turned out to consist of plate-like (Fig.4) and tubular profiles (Fig. 5).

2020 ◽  
Vol 295 (20) ◽  
pp. 6958-6971
Author(s):  
Chunyan Liao ◽  
Binxiang Cai ◽  
Yufeng Feng ◽  
Jingmeng Chen ◽  
Yiping Wu ◽  
...  

Disrupted clearance of all-trans-retinal (atRAL), a component of the visual (retinoid) cycle in the retina, may cause photoreceptor atrophy in autosomal recessive Stargardt disease (STGD1) and dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD). However, the mechanisms underlying atRAL-induced photoreceptor loss remain elusive. Here, we report that atRAL activates c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling at least partially through reactive oxygen species production, which promoted mitochondria-mediated caspase- and DNA damage-dependent apoptosis in photoreceptor cells. Damage to mitochondria in atRAL-exposed photoreceptor cells resulted from JNK activation, leading to decreased expression of Bcl2 apoptosis regulator (Bcl2), increased Bcl2 antagonist/killer (Bak) levels, and cytochrome c (Cyt c) release into the cytosol. Cytosolic Cyt c specifically provoked caspase-9 and caspase-3 activation and thereby initiated apoptosis. Phosphorylation of JNK in atRAL-loaded photoreceptor cells induced the appearance of γH2AX, a sensitive marker for DNA damage, and was also associated with apoptosis onset. Suppression of JNK signaling protected photoreceptor cells against atRAL-induced apoptosis. Moreover, photoreceptor cells lacking Jnk1 and Jnk2 genes were more resistant to atRAL-associated cytotoxicity. The Abca4−/−Rdh8−/− mouse model displays defects in atRAL clearance that are characteristic of STGD1 and dry AMD. We found that JNK signaling was activated in the neural retina of light-exposed Abca4−/−Rdh8−/− mice. Of note, intraperitoneal administration of JNK–IN-8, which inhibits JNK signaling, effectively ameliorated photoreceptor degeneration and apoptosis in light-exposed Abca4−/−Rdh8−/− mice. We propose that pharmacological inhibition of JNK signaling may represent a therapeutic strategy for preventing photoreceptor loss in retinopathies arising from atRAL overload.


2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shintaro Shirahama ◽  
Rena Onoguchi-Mizutani ◽  
Kentaro Kawata ◽  
Kenzui Taniue ◽  
Atsuko Miki ◽  
...  

Abstract Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play vital roles in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases, but the role of lncRNAs in herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infection remains unknown. Using RNA sequencing analysis, we explored lncRNAs that were highly expressed in murine retinal photoreceptor cell-derived 661W cells infected with HSV-1. U90926 RNA (522 nucleotides) was the most upregulated lncRNA detected post HSV-1 infection. The level of U90926 RNA was continuously increased post HSV-1 infection, reaching a 100-fold increase at 24 h. Cellular fractionation showed that U90926 RNA was located in the nucleus post HSV-1 infection. Downregulation of U90926 expression by RNA interference markedly suppressed HSV-1 DNA replication (80% reduction at 12 h post infection) and HSV-1 proliferation (93% reduction at 12 h post infection) in 661W cells. The survival rates of U90926-knockdown cells were significantly increased compared to those of control cells (81% and 21%, respectively; p < 0.0001). Thus, lncRNA U90926 is crucial for HSV-1 proliferation in retinal photoreceptor cells and consequently leads to host cell death by promoting HSV-1 proliferation.


2014 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Braca Kundalić ◽  
Slađana Ugrenović ◽  
Ivan Jovanović ◽  
Natalija Stefanović ◽  
Vladimir Petrović ◽  
...  

Summary The aim of our study was to analyze the changes of connective tissue sheaths of epi-, peri- and endoneurium of sural nerve during aging. The study was conducted on sural nerve samples of 10 cases aged 9-80 years. The specimens were embedded in paraffin using standard procedures, after which 5-μm-thick cross-sections of nerve trunks were made and stained using Masson’s trichrome staining. After morphological analysis of fascicular structure and connective sheaths of the nerve, morphometric analysis was conducted using the software for digital image analysis “ImageJ”. Each investigated case was analyzed for total neural, epineurial and fascicular cross-section area, mean values of perineurial index, volume density of myelinated axons and of endoneurial content. To test the difference in mean values for statistical significance we used the Student’s T-test for small independent sample. The number of fascicles was 5-13, while the majority of the nerves had less than 10 fascicles. Fascicular structure, which included the number of fascicles and epifascicular/fascicular area ratio, did not show significant changes during aging. Perineurial thickness /fascicle size ratio statistically significantly increased in the older investigated group (p<0.05). Myelinated fibres were of smaller diameter, with more irregular form and markedly less frequent in older cases. Quantitative analysis showed statistically significant decrease in volume density of myelinated fibres in the older group. As results of applied investigation methods we found thickening of perineurial sheath of sural nerve during aging, as well as endoneurial fibrosis. Future investigations of age-related changes should focus on analysis of the components of extracellular matrix within perineurium and endoneurium.


2002 ◽  
Vol 56 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 219-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugenia Kovács ◽  
Roxana Pologea-Moraru ◽  
Basarab Gabriel Hosu

1996 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gandarias JM de ◽  
J Irazusta ◽  
E Echevarria ◽  
J Gil ◽  
L Casis

It has been recently suggested that enkephalins might play a normal role in the regulation of cellular development in brain. Since the major pathway of enkephalin degradation seems to occur under the action of aminopeptidases, in the present paper we describe the changes in Tyr-aminopeptidase activities during several stages of the rat (male and female) brain development (9, 12, 15, 20 and 25 days postbirth). The enzyme activities (soluble and membrane-bound) were detected using Tyr-2-naphthylamide as substrate. No sexual differences were observed. However, significant rises from the 9th to the 15th postnatal day in the soluble peptidase activity were appreciated. Aminopeptidase M shows decreases in the activity with age. It is suggested that not only the enkephalins but also the enkephalin-degrading enzymes could play a part in the maturation of the rat brain.


2000 ◽  
Vol 21 (16) ◽  
pp. 3460-3469 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valerie Morel ◽  
Ramina Poschet ◽  
Valerie Traverso ◽  
Dusanka Deretic

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