scholarly journals The astrobiological mission EXPOSE-R on board of the International Space Station

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elke Rabbow ◽  
Petra Rettberg ◽  
Simon Barczyk ◽  
Maria Bohmeier ◽  
Andre Parpart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
International Space Station ◽  
Cosmic Radiation ◽  
European Space Agency ◽  
Space Station ◽  
Measurement Instrument ◽  
Orbit Space ◽  
Low Earth Orbit ◽  
International Space ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Space Conditions

AbstractEXPOSE-R flew as the second of the European Space Agency (ESA) EXPOSE multi-user facilities on the International Space Station. During the mission on the external URM-D platform of the Zvezda service module, samples of eight international astrobiology experiments selected by ESA and one Russian guest experiment were exposed to low Earth orbit space parameters from March 10th, 2009 to January 21st, 2011. EXPOSE-R accommodated a total of 1220 samples for exposure to selected space conditions and combinations, including space vacuum, temperature cycles through 273 K, cosmic radiation, solar electromagnetic radiation at >110, >170 or >200 nm at various fluences up to GJ m−2. Samples ranged from chemical compounds via unicellular organisms and multicellular mosquito larvae and seeds to passive radiation dosimeters. Additionally, one active radiation measurement instrument was accommodated on EXPOSE-R and commanded from ground in accordance with the facility itself. Data on ultraviolet radiation, cosmic radiation and temperature were measured every 10 s and downlinked by telemetry and data carrier every few months. The EXPOSE-R trays and samples returned to Earth on March 9th, 2011 with Shuttle flight, Space Transportation System (STS)-133/ULF 5, Discovery, after successful total mission duration of 27 months in space. The samples were analysed in the individual investigators laboratories. A parallel Mission Ground Reference experiment was performed on ground with a parallel set of hardware and samples under simulated space conditions following to the data transmitted from the flight mission.

Overview of the Natural Space Environment and ESA, JAXA, and NASA Materials Flight Experiments

MRS Bulletin ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L. Edwards ◽  
Adrian P. Tighe ◽  
Marc Van Eesbeek ◽  
Yugo Kimoto ◽  
Kim K. de Groh
Keyword(s):  
International Space Station ◽  
Interplanetary Space ◽  
European Space Agency ◽  
Space Station ◽  
Thermal Exposure ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Low Earth Orbit ◽  
Space Environment ◽  
International Space ◽  
Micro Particles

AbstractSpace environmental effects on materials are very severe and complex because of the synergistic interaction of orbital environments such as high-energy radiation particles, atomic oxygen, micrometeoroids, orbital debris, and ultraviolet irradiation interacting synergistically, along with thermal exposure. In addition, surface degradation associated with contamination can negatively impact optics performance. Materials flight experiments are critical to understanding the engineering performance of materials exposed to specific space environments. Likewise, the spacecraft designer must have an understanding of the specific environment in which a spacecraft will operate, enabling appropriate selection of materials to maximize engineering performance, increase mission lifetimes, and reduce risk. This article will present a methodology for assessing the engineering performance of materials baselined for a specific spacecraft or mission. In addition, an overview of the space environment, from low Earth orbit to interplanetary space, will be provided along with an overview on the effects of the space environment on materials performance. The majority of this article is devoted to materials flight experiments from the European Space Agency (ESA), the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), and from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Some of the experiments reviewed include ESA's Materials Exposure and Degradation Experiment on the International Space Station (ISS), JAXA's Micro-Particles Capturer and Space Environment Exposure Device experiments on the ISS Service Module and on the ISS Japanese Experiment Module Exposed Facility, and NASA's Long Duration Exposure Facility satellite and the Materials International Space Station Experiment series flown on the exterior of ISS.

Activities of the International Space Organization and Station

2021 ◽  
pp. 140-152
Keyword(s):  
International Space Station ◽  
Artificial Satellite ◽  
European Space Agency ◽  
Space Station ◽  
Low Earth Orbit ◽  
Joint Project ◽  
Intergovernmental Organization ◽  
International Space ◽  
Space Agency ◽  
Space Organization

This chapter describes the establishment process, purpose of establishment, mission, exploration plan, activities of the European Space Agency (ESA) and International Space Station (ISS), and an explanation of the contents of the treaty that is legal basis for its establishment. The European Space Agency (ESA) is an intergovernmental organization of 22 member states dedicated to the exploration of space. Established in 1975 and headquartered in Paris, France, ESA has a worldwide staff of about 2,200 in 2018 and an annual budget of about € 6.68 billion (US $ 7.43 billion) in 2020. ESA also works closely with space organizations outside Europe. ESA has missions planned for Jupiter (JUICE, 2022) and others that will seek dark matter (Euclid, 2020) and observe the energetic universe (Athena, 2028). The International Space Station (ISS) is a space station (habitable artificial satellite) in low Earth orbit. The ISS programme is a joint project between five participating space agencies: NASA (United States), Roscomos (Russia), JAXA (Japan), ESA (Europe), and CSA (Canada).

scholarly journals Low Earth Orbit Space Environment Testing of Extreme Temperature 6H-SiC JFETs on the International Space Station

2011 ◽  
Vol 679-680 ◽  
pp. 579-582 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip G. Neudeck ◽  
Norman F. Prokop ◽  
Lawrence C. Greer III ◽  
Liang Yu Chen ◽  
Michael J. Krasowski
Keyword(s):  
International Space Station ◽  
Field Effect Transistors ◽  
Space Station ◽  
Extreme Temperature ◽  
Orbit Space ◽  
Low Earth Orbit ◽  
Space Environment ◽  
Earth Orbit ◽  
Measured Temperature ◽  
International Space

This paper reports long-term electrical results from two 6H-SiC junction field effect transistors (JFETs) presently being tested in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) space environment on the outside of the International Space Station (ISS). The JFETs have demonstrated excellent functionality and stability through 4600 hours of LEO space deployment. Observed changes in measured device characteristics tracked changes in measured temperature, consistent with well-known JFET temperature-dependent device physics.

scholarly journals Long term variations of galactic cosmic radiation on board the International Space Station, on the Moon and on the surface of Mars

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Berger ◽  
Daniel Matthiä ◽  
Sönke Burmeister ◽  
Cary Zeitlin ◽  
Ryan Rios ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cycle ◽  
Radiation Exposure ◽  
International Space Station ◽  
Free Space ◽  
Cosmic Radiation ◽  
Space Station ◽  
Low Earth Orbit ◽  
Radiation Environment ◽  
International Space ◽  
Cycle 24

<div class="abstract"> <p> <div>&lt;div class="abstract"&gt; &lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;The radiation environment in free space and the related radiation exposure is seen as one of the main health detriments for future long-duration human exploration missions beyond Low Earth Orbit (LEO). The steady flux of energetic particles in the galactic cosmic radiation (GCR) produces&amp;nbsp; a low dose-rate radiation exposure, which is heavily influenced by several factors including the solar cycle, the presence of an atmosphere, relevant magnetic fields (as on Earth) and of course by the relevant spacecraft shielding. Investigations of the GCR variations over the course of a solar cycle provide valuable data for exploration mission planning and for the determination of the radiation load received due to the GCR environment. Within the current work these investigations have been performed applying three datasets generated on board the International Space Station (ISS) with the DOSTEL instruments in the frame of the DOSIS and DOSIS-3D projects, with the CRaTER instrument in a Moon orbit and with the MSL-RAD instrument on the way to and on the surface of Mars. To derive GCR dose contributions on board the ISS two procedures have been developed separating the contributions from GCR from passing&amp;rsquo;s through the South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA), as well as ways to extrapolate the GCR dose measured on board the ISS to free space based on various ranges of the McIlwain &lt;em&gt;L&lt;/em&gt;-shell parameter. At the end we provide a dataset spanning the timeframe for GCR measurements on the ISS (2009 &amp;ndash; 2011 &amp;amp; 2012 &amp;ndash; 2019), Moon (2009 &amp;ndash; 2019) and Mars (2012 &amp;ndash; 2019), thereby covering the time span from the deep minimum of solar cycle 23, the ascending phase and maximum of solar cycle 24, and the descending phase of cycle 24, which is ongoing at the time of this writing.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;</div> </p> </div>

A Framework for Multinational Medical Support for the International Space Station: A Model for Exploration

2021 ◽  
Vol 92 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-134
Author(s):  
Charles R. Doarn ◽  
James D. Polk ◽  
Anatoli Grigoriev ◽  
Jean-Marc Comtois ◽  
Kazuhito Shimada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
International Space Station ◽  
European Space Agency ◽  
Space Station ◽  
The United States ◽  
Medical System ◽  
Medical Support ◽  
International Space ◽  
Space Agency ◽  
Medical Certification

INTRODUCTION: In the 1990s, Canada, member states of the European Space Agency, Japan, the Russian Federation, and the United States entered into an international agreement Concerning Cooperation on the Civil International Space Station. Among the many unique infrastructure challenges, partners were to develop a comprehensive international medical system and related processes to enable crew medical certification and medical support for all phases of missions, in a framework to support a multilateral space program of unprecedented size, scope, and degree of integration. During the Shuttle/Mir Program, physicians and specialized experts from the United States and Russia studied prototype systems and developed and operated collaborative mechanisms. The 1998 NASA Memoranda of Understanding with each of the other four partners established the Multilateral Medial Policy Board, the Multilateral Space Medicine Board, and the Multilateral Medical Operations Panel as medical authority bodies to ensure International Space Station (ISS) crew health and performance. Since 1998, the medical system of the ISS Program has ensured health and excellent performance of the international crewsan essential prerequisite for the construction and operation of the ISSand prevented mission-impacting medical events and adverse health outcomes. As the ISS is completing its second decade of crewed operation, it is prudent to appraise its established medical framework for its utility moving forward in new space exploration initiatives. Not only the ISS Program participants, but other nations and space agencies as well, concomitant with commercial endeavors in human spaceflight, can benefit from this evidence for future human exploration programs.Doarn CR, Polk JD, Grigoriev A, Comtois J-M, Shimada K, Weerts G, Dervay JP, Taddeo TA, Sargsyan A. A framework for multinational medical support for the International Space Station: a model for exploration. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2021; 92(2):129134.

NASA sets sights on private space stations

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
International Space Station ◽  
Space Station ◽  
Low Earth Orbit ◽  
Earth Orbit ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Private Space ◽  
Content Type ◽  
International Space ◽  
Foreign Governments ◽  
Corporate Clients

Subject Space stations. Significance As Washington returns its sights to the moon, it is reforming its policies regarding the International Space Station (ISS) with a view to jump-starting a 'low-earth orbit economy' in which private firms offer services to corporate clients, foreign governments and wealthy individuals. Impacts China's space station, due for completion in 2022, could draw third-country projects away from commercial US space stations. Governments are more promising clients for commercial crewed spaceflight than 'space tourists' are. Commercial stations and passenger spacecraft could make human spaceflight accessible to allied states. Spaceflight will remain politicised.

scholarly journals Asgardia’s project for a new module to expand Space Station

2021 ◽  
pp. 24-33
Author(s):  
Igor R. Ashurbeyli ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Private Sector ◽  
International Space Station ◽  
Space Station ◽  
Space Science ◽  
Low Earth Orbit ◽  
Earth Orbit ◽  
International Space ◽  
Human Presence ◽  
Industrial Partnership ◽  
Private Sector Involvement

Private sector involvement in the International Space Station (ISS) is becoming increasingly important as commercial organisations provide services and hardware to enhance the orbital operations of the Space Station which, in November 2020, marked two decades of continuous occupation. During the first Asgardia Space Science & Investment Conference, held in Germany in October 2019, a project to add a new commercially procured docking module to the ISS was announced as a key step to expanding the permanent human presence in low Earth orbit. Dr Igor Ashurbeyli, General Designer, provides a technical overview of the project and the industrial partnership arranged to deliver it.

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