Effects of early-and mid-pregnancy under-nutrition on maternal and foetal plasma free amino acid concentrations in Scottish Blackface and Suffolk sheep

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 74-74
Author(s):  
J A Rooke ◽  
M Werkman ◽  
K McIlvaney ◽  
C M Dwyer ◽  
C J Ashworth
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
Tissue Growth ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Lean Tissue ◽  
Foetal Development ◽  
Under Nutrition ◽  
Amino Acid Concentrations

Nutrient intake during pregnancy affects foetal development and placental function in a range of species, often with long-term effects on offspring viability. Maternal supply and placental transport of amino acids are key to delivering amino acids for foetal metabolism. Maternal under-nutrition has been shown to reduce both maternal and foetal amino acid concentrations even after a period of re-feeding (Kwon et al. 2004). Intriguingly whether sheep have been adapted to a harsh environment or not appears to influence the extent of any reduction (Jobgen et al. 2008). The present study therefore tested whether plasma amino acid concentrations differed between Scottish Blackface (B) sheep adapted to a hill environment and a lowland breed (Suffolk, S) selected for lean tissue growth when challenged by a period of under-nutrition.

Effects of mild early-and mid-pregnancy under-nutrition on foetal and placental development in Scottish Blackface and Suffolk sheep

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 73-73
Author(s):  
M Werkman ◽  
J A Rooke ◽  
K McIlvaney ◽  
C M Dwyer ◽  
C J Ashworth
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Growth ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Placental Development ◽  
Foetal Development ◽  
Maternal Tissue ◽  
Under Nutrition ◽  
Type D ◽  
Ruminant Species ◽  
The Relationship

Nutrient intake during pregnancy affects foetal development and placental function in a range of species, often with long-term effects on offspring viability. Maternal nutrient supply is believed to affect the ability of the placenta to deliver nutrients to the foetus (Fowden et al., 2006). In ruminant species, the majority of placental nutrient transport occurs in specialised structures called placentomes, which are categorised into 4 types (A-D) based on their morphological appearance. In type A placentomes, maternal tissue surrounds foetal tissues, whereas type D placentomes are typically everted and have a higher ratio of foetal:maternal tissue. It has been suggested that the distribution of placentome types may reflect the ability of the placenta to deliver nutrients (Vonnahme et al., 2006). This study tested the hypothesis that levels of under-nutrition typically encountered by hill ewes during pregnancy would alter the distribution of placentome types and that the relationship between ewe nutrition and placentome type would differ between breeds selected for lean tissue growth (such as the Suffolk) compared to less selected breeds (such as the Scottish Blackface).

scholarly journals Amino acid concentrations in the hamster central auditory system and long-term effects of intense tone exposure

2012 ◽  
Vol 90 (11) ◽  
pp. 2214-2224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald A. Godfrey ◽  
James A. Kaltenbach ◽  
Kejian Chen ◽  
Omer Ilyas ◽  
Xiaochen Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Auditory System ◽  
Central Auditory System ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Amino Acid Concentrations

Modification of An Amino Acid Solution for Peritoneal Dialysis to Reduce Risk of Acidemia

1997 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Jones ◽  
Roberto Kalil ◽  
Peter Blake ◽  
Leo Martis ◽  
Dimitrios G. Oreopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Acid Solution ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Amino Acid Solution ◽  
Nutritional Benefits ◽  
Modified Formula

Objective Some patients develop a mild acidemia during treatment with amino acid-based peritoneal dialysis solutions due to hydrogen ion produced by metabolism of lysine, arginine, and methionine. In this study we modified the formulation of such a solution by reducing these amino acids and adding anionic amino acids so as to provide minimal net acid production. Design A modified formula (MF) was compared to a conventional formula (CF) of the solution in a randomized crossover study in 12 stable continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients. Patients were given each solution for 14 days without a wash-out period. Each patient replaced one or two dextrose dialysis exchanges with amino acid solution, depending upon oral protein intake and body weight. Total intake (oral protein plus amino acids absorbed) was equivalent to 1.1 -1.3 g protein/kg body weight/day.Plasma bicarbonate and urea were assessed at the beginning and end of each 14-day period. Results In the group as a whole, without regard to the order in which the solutions were given, patients had a decrease in serum bicarbonate with CF and an increase in bicarbonate when they received MF. Similar trends were observed regardless of the order in which the solutions were administered. Serum urea did not differ between the two solutions. Conclusion The results suggest that patients are less prone to develop acidemia when receiving MF as opposed to CF. Further studies will be necessary to determine the long-term effects and the relative nutritional benefits of the two solutions.

scholarly journals The effect of an oral glucose load on serum free amino acid concentrations in children before and after treatment for kwashiorkor

1971 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. F. Grimble ◽  
R. G. Whitehead
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Substrate Limitation ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Amino Acid Concentrations

1. The mechanisms by which an oral dose of glucose can stimulate the uptake of essential amino acids from serum was found to be operative even in children with severe, untreated kwashiorkor.2. Although the percentage fall in the concentration of the essential amino acids in response to glucose was the same before and after treatment, the absolute fall was greater on discharge. The results indicated that the magnitude of this fall might depend on the initial fasting concentration of each individual amino acid.3. These results have been discussed on the basis of possible long-term pathological effects of a distorted serum amino acid pattern typified by low concentrations of valine, leucine and threonine. The protein-sparing action of carbohydrate, achieved by the preferential synthesis of muscle protein in response to insulin secretion, might be less effective because of substrate limitation.4. Of the non-essential amino acids, the concentrations of alanine and glycine also fell markedly before treatment, but this did not occur on discharge. The significance of this difference is also discussed.5. The results also indicate that slightly high, spurious amino acid ratios can be obtained if a child is given a drink containing sugar before a blood sample is taken.

scholarly journals Putative imbalanced amino acid metabolism in rainbow trout long term fed a plant-based diet as revealed by 1H-NMR metabolomics

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Deborde ◽  
Blandine Madji Hounoum ◽  
Annick Moing ◽  
Mickaël Maucourt ◽  
Daniel Jacob ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Content ◽  
Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Free Form ◽  
Metabolomic Analysis ◽  
Nmr Metabolomics ◽  
H Nmr

Abstract The long-term effect of a plant (P)-based diet was assessed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) metabolomics in rainbow trout fed a marine fish meal (FM)–fish oil (FO) diet (M), a P-based diet and a control commercial-like diet (C) starting with the first feeding. Growth performances were not heavily altered by long-term feeding on the P-based diet. An 1H-NMR metabolomic analysis of the feed revealed significantly different soluble chemical compound profiles between the diets. A set of soluble chemical compounds was found to be specific either to the P-based diet or to the M diet. Pterin, a biomarker of plant feedstuffs, was identified both in the P-based diet and in the plasma of fish fed the P-based diet. 1H-NMR metabolomic analysis on fish plasma and liver and muscle tissues at 6 and 48 h post feeding revealed significantly different profiles between the P-based diet and the M diet, while the C diet showed intermediate results. A higher amino acid content was found in the plasma of fish fed the P-based diet compared with the M diet after 48 h, suggesting either a delayed delivery of the amino acids or a lower amino acid utilisation in the P-based diet. This was associated with an accumulation of essential amino acids and the depletion of glutamine in the muscle, together with an accumulation of choline in the liver. Combined with an anticipated absorption of methionine and lysine supplemented in free form, the present results suggest an imbalanced essential amino acid supply for protein metabolism in the muscle and for specific functions of the liver.

scholarly journals 146 Prematurity Blunts the Protein Synthetic Response of Skeletal Muscle to Insulin and Amino Acids

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 118-119
Author(s):  
Teresa A Davis ◽  
Marko Rudar ◽  
Jane Naberhuis ◽  
Agus Suryawan ◽  
Marta Fiorotto
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Human Infant ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Plasma Insulin Concentration ◽  
Akt Phosphorylation ◽  
Relative Body Weight

Abstract Livestock animals are important dual-purpose models that benefit both agricultural and biomedical research. The neonatal pig is an appropriate model for the human infant to assess long-term effects of early life nutrition on growth and metabolic outcomes. Previously we have demonstrated that prematurity blunts the feeding-induced stimulation of translation initiation and protein synthesis in skeletal muscle of neonatal pigs. The objective of this study was to determine whether reduced sensitivity to insulin and/or amino acids drives this blunted response. Pigs were delivered by caesarean section at preterm (PT, 103 d gestation) or at term (T, 112 d gestation) and fed parenterally for 4 d. On day 4, pigs were subject to euinsulinemic-euaminoacidemic-euglycemic (FAST), hyperinsulinemic-euaminoacidemic-euglycemic (INS), or euinsulinemic-hyperaminoacidemic-euglycemic (AA) clamps for 120 min, yielding six treatments: PT-FAST (n = 7), PT-INS (n = 9), PT-AA (n = 9), T-FAST (n = 8), T-INS (n = 9), and T-AA (n = 9). A flooding dose of L-[4-3H]Phe was injected into pigs 30 min before euthanasia. Birth weight and relative body weight gain were lower in PT than T pigs (P < 0.001). Plasma insulin concentration was increased from ~3 to ~100 µU/mL in INS compared to FAST and AA pigs (P < 0.001); plasma BCAA concentration was increased from ~250 to ~1,000 µmol/L in AA compared to FAST and INS pigs (P < 0.001). Despite achieving similar insulin and amino acid levels, longissimus dorsi AKT phosphorylation, mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR)·Rheb abundance, mTOR activation, and protein synthesis were lower in PT-INS than T-INS pigs (Table 1). Although amino-acid induced dissociation of Sestrin2 from GATOR2 was not affected by prematurity, mTOR·RagA abundance, mTOR·RagC abundance, mTOR activation, and protein synthesis were lower in PT-AA than T-AA pigs. The impaired capacity of premature skeletal muscle to respond to insulin or amino acids and promote protein synthesis likely contributes to reduced lean mass accretion. Research was supported by NIH and USDA.

Long-Term Voluntary Fasting in Adult Obese Cats: Nitrogen Balance, Plasma Amino Acid Concentrations and Urinary Orotic Acid Excretion

1994 ◽  
Vol 124 (suppl_12) ◽  
pp. 2680S-2682S ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent Biourge ◽  
Joseph M. Groff ◽  
James G. Morris ◽  
Quinton R. Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Orotic Acid ◽  
Plasma Amino Acid ◽  
Acid Excretion ◽  
Amino Acid Concentrations

scholarly journals Rabbit Carcasses for Use in Feline Diets: Amino Acid Concentrations in Fresh and Frozen Carcasses With and Without Gastrointestinal Tracts

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tammy J. Owens ◽  
Andrea J. Fascetti ◽  
C. Christopher Calvert ◽  
Jennifer A. Larsen
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Protein Body ◽  
National Research Council ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Taurine Supplementation ◽  
Frozen Ground ◽  
Taurine Deficiency ◽  
Amino Acid Concentrations

Whole-prey diets for exotic feline species are common, and this practice has also increased in popularity for domestic cats. However, prior analyses of prey indicate possible essential amino acid inadequacy, and dilated cardiomyopathy from taurine deficiency was reported in cats fed whole ground rabbit. Crude protein, body water, and amino acid concentrations were evaluated in fresh and frozen ground rabbits with (n=10) or without (n = 10) gastrointestinal tracts. Amino acids were greater in fresh samples without gastrointestinal tracts (p < 0.05) except taurine, glycine, and cysteine. When normalized for protein content, only glutamate, alanine, methionine, isoleucine, tyrosine, lysine, histidine, and arginine were greater in fresh rabbits without gastrointestinal tracts (g/16 g N basis; p < 0.05). Freezing at −18°C for 30 days had no effect on crude protein or body water content. After freezing, only methionine was lower and only proline was higher when gastrointestinal tracts were omitted (g/16 g N basis; p < 0.05). Regardless, all essential amino acids except taurine exceeded Association of American Feed Control Officials and National Research Council nutrient recommendations for all feline life stages. In contrast, there was minimal impact of treatment on taurine concentrations. However, although feline taurine requirements for prey and other raw or fresh food diets remain undefined, none of the rabbit samples met any recommendation for taurine concentrations for commercial canned or dry extruded diets, ranging from 20 to 90% of the minimum values. Taurine supplementation is recommended when feeding rabbit to cats. Determination of taurine requirements of cats fed whole-prey diets is warranted.

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