The Effect of Obesity and Flexibility Toward Women’s Body Fat in Productive Age at Larasati Gymnastic Semarang Member

Obesity is an body fat increase. Overweight is a relative body weight increase when compared to the standard. Overweight then became a term that represented "obesity" both clinically and epidemiologically. Flexibility is the effectiveness of a person in adjusting himself to all activities with stretching the body in a wide area of the joint. The design used in this study is a 2x2 factorial. It is explained about factorial experiments that what is measured is not only the influence of the main factor of each independent variable on the dependent variable, but also the influence of the interaction between the independent variables. The population in this study is the 50 members of Larasati gymnastics in Semarang, who in productive age women between 30-40 years.The number of samples is quite representative (representing) for the large population in this study. The sampling technique in this study was using purposive sampling, which is a sampling technique determined by giving equal opportunity to each member of the population as a sample, namely the number is adjusted to the member of the subject in each group, the experimental group of obesity type pear and apple type obesity control group. Based on the results of the research achieved, it turns out that women who have high flexibility have a large reduction in fat if they have the apple type of obesity. Women who have high flexibility with apple obesity type have a better decrease in body fat than women with low flexibility and have pear obesity type. Fcount = 6.962> Ftable = 3.11. The effectiveness that is applied to reduce body fat is influenced by the type of high flexibility and type of low flexibility of those women.

Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Measured by B-Mode Ultrasound to Assess and Monitor Obesity and Cardio–Metabolic Risk in Children and Adolescents

Monitoring of children at heightened risk of cardio–metabolic diseases raises the need for accurate assessment of obesity. A standardized approach for measuring subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) by bright-mode ultrasound was evaluated in relation to body indices and anthropometry in a cross-sectional sample of 76 South African children (7–10 years) and 86 adolescents (13–17 years) to assess cardio–metabolic risk. SAT was higher in girls as compared to boys (children: 50.0 ± 21.7 mm > 34.42 ± 15.8 mm, adolescents: 140.9 ± 59.4 mm > 79.5 ± 75.6 mm, p < 0.001) and up to four times higher in adolescents than in children. In children, measures of relative body weight showed only a poor correlation to SAT (BMI: r = 0.607, p < 0.001), while in adolescents, BMI correlated high with SAT (r = 0.906, p < 0.001) based on high rates of overweight and obesity (41.8%). Children with identical BMIs may have large differences (>2–3-fold) in their amount of SAT. The moderate association to systolic (r = 0.534, r = 0.550, p < 0.001) and diastolic blood pressure (r = 0.402, r = 0.262, p < 0.001) further substantiates that SAT measured by ultrasound provides an accurate, safe and easy applicable approach for monitoring in children and adolescents at cardio–metabolic risk.

146 Prematurity Blunts the Protein Synthetic Response of Skeletal Muscle to Insulin and Amino Acids

Livestock animals are important dual-purpose models that benefit both agricultural and biomedical research. The neonatal pig is an appropriate model for the human infant to assess long-term effects of early life nutrition on growth and metabolic outcomes. Previously we have demonstrated that prematurity blunts the feeding-induced stimulation of translation initiation and protein synthesis in skeletal muscle of neonatal pigs. The objective of this study was to determine whether reduced sensitivity to insulin and/or amino acids drives this blunted response. Pigs were delivered by caesarean section at preterm (PT, 103 d gestation) or at term (T, 112 d gestation) and fed parenterally for 4 d. On day 4, pigs were subject to euinsulinemic-euaminoacidemic-euglycemic (FAST), hyperinsulinemic-euaminoacidemic-euglycemic (INS), or euinsulinemic-hyperaminoacidemic-euglycemic (AA) clamps for 120 min, yielding six treatments: PT-FAST (n = 7), PT-INS (n = 9), PT-AA (n = 9), T-FAST (n = 8), T-INS (n = 9), and T-AA (n = 9). A flooding dose of L-[4-3H]Phe was injected into pigs 30 min before euthanasia. Birth weight and relative body weight gain were lower in PT than T pigs (P &lt; 0.001). Plasma insulin concentration was increased from ~3 to ~100 µU/mL in INS compared to FAST and AA pigs (P &lt; 0.001); plasma BCAA concentration was increased from ~250 to ~1,000 µmol/L in AA compared to FAST and INS pigs (P &lt; 0.001). Despite achieving similar insulin and amino acid levels, longissimus dorsi AKT phosphorylation, mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR)·Rheb abundance, mTOR activation, and protein synthesis were lower in PT-INS than T-INS pigs (Table 1). Although amino-acid induced dissociation of Sestrin2 from GATOR2 was not affected by prematurity, mTOR·RagA abundance, mTOR·RagC abundance, mTOR activation, and protein synthesis were lower in PT-AA than T-AA pigs. The impaired capacity of premature skeletal muscle to respond to insulin or amino acids and promote protein synthesis likely contributes to reduced lean mass accretion. Research was supported by NIH and USDA.

Competitive Performance of Kenyan Runners Compared to their Relative Body Weight and Fat

Body fat values obtained with various measurement methods deviate substantially in many cases. The standardised brightness-mode ultrasound method was used in 32 Kenyan elite long-distance runners to measure subcutaneous adipose tissue thicknesses at an accuracy and reliability level not reached by any other method. Subcutaneous adipose tissue forms the dominating part of body fat. Additionally, body mass (m), height (h), sitting height (s), leg length, and the mass index MI1 =0.53m/(hs) were determined. MI1 considers leg length, which the body mass index ignores. MI1 values of all participants were higher than their body mass indices. Both indices for relative body weight were within narrow ranges, although thickness sums of subcutaneous adipose tissue deviated strongly (women: 20–82 mm; men: 3–36 mm). Men had 2.1 times more embedded fasciae in the subcutaneous adipose tissue. In the subgroup with personal best times below world record time plus 10%, no correlation between performance and body mass index was found, and there was also no correlation with sums of subcutaneous adipose tissue thicknesses. Within the data ranges found here, extremely low relative body weight or low body fat were no criteria for the level of performance, therefore, pressure towards too low values may be disadvantageous.

Protective effect of Barringtonia racemosa Ethyl Acetate Fraction against Cisplatin-induced Nephrotoxicity in Rats

Cisplatin is a major antineoplastic drug for the treatment of solid tumors. Nephrotoxicity is dose- limiting side effect associated with clinical use of cisplatin. The present study was executed to determine whether bartogenic acid containing fraction of Barringtonia racemosa fruits (BREAF) possesses a nephroprotective effect against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Furthermore, the study was also aimed to explore the mechanisms underlying this effect of BREAF. The BREAF was orally administered at the doses of (2, 5 and 10 mg/kg) for five consecutive days following single dose administration of cisplatin (5 mg/kg, i.p.). Treatment of animals with cisplatin resulted into the significant body weight changes, oxidative stress, elevated levels of serum biomarkers and histological alterations in the kidney architecture. The BREAF administration reduced relative body weight and organ weight changes in cisplatin-treated rats. The BREAF exhibited nephroprotective effect through the significant reduction of cisplatin-induced rise in the serum creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen levels as well as renal levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) the makers of lipid peroxidation. Additionally, the treatment with BREAF resulted into the increased renal levels of reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activity. Histopathological examination established the nephroprotective effect of BREAF. In conclusion, the anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects of BREAF has important role underlying its nephroprotective effect.

Antidiabetic and antioxidant potentials of Vitellaria paradoxa barks in alloxan-induced diabetic rats

Background Vitellaria paradoxa (V. paradoxa) is a plant used in traditional medicine in the treatment of many diseases including diabetes mellitus. Although the different parts of this plant are used empirically as antidiabetic drug, no scientific work to our knowledge has yet been undertaken to evaluate its effects on blood glucose, and lipid and antioxidant parameters of diabetic animals. The objective of this study is therefore to evaluate the hypoglycaemic, hypolipidemic and antioxidant activities of the aqueous extract of V. paradoxa barks in diabetic rats. Methods Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of alloxan (120 mg/kg bw). Thirty male albino rats were divided into groups and orally treated for 14 days with distilled water, glibenclamide (2.5 mg/kg bw) and aqueous extract of V. paradoxa (125, 250 and 500 mg/kg bw). Glycaemia, insulin level, relative body weight, hepatic glycogen level, some liver enzymes, and lipid and antioxidant parameters were evaluated. Results The results showed that the extract caused a significant increase in relative body weight, insulin level, HDL-cholesterol, hepatic glycogen rate, and fructose-1,6-biphosphate and glucokinase activities. A significant decrease in glycaemia, glucose-6-phosphatase activity, total cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol were also observed after the administration of V. paradoxa. Glutathione level and the activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase increased significantly while the nitric oxide and malondialdehyde levels decreased significantly in the liver of animals treated with the extract of V. paradoxa. Conclusion These results justify the hypoglycaemic, hypolipidemic and antioxidant effects of aqueous extract of V. paradoxa barks, which can reduce the complications associated with diabetes.

Prematurity blunts the feeding-induced stimulation of translation initiation signaling and protein synthesis in muscle of neonatal piglets

Postnatal growth of lean mass is commonly blunted in preterm infants and may contribute to short- and long-term morbidities. To determine whether preterm birth alters the protein anabolic response to feeding, piglets were delivered at term or preterm, and fractional protein synthesis rates (Ks) were measured at 3 days of age while fasted or after an enteral meal. Activation of signaling pathways that regulate protein synthesis and degradation were determined. Relative body weight gain was lower in preterm than in term. Gestational age at birth (GAB) did not alter fasting plasma glucose or insulin, but when fed, plasma insulin and glucose rose more slowly, and reached peak value later, in preterm than in term. Feeding increased Ks in longissimus dorsi (LD) and gastrocnemius muscles, heart, pancreas, and kidney in both GAB groups, but the response was blunted in preterm. In diaphragm, lung, jejunum, and brain, feeding increased Ks regardless of GAB. Liver Ks was greater in preterm than term and increased with feeding regardless of GAB. In all tissues, changes in 4EBP1, S6K1, and PKB phosphorylation paralleled changes in Ks. In LD, eIF4E·eIF4G complex formation, phosphorylation of TSC2, mTOR, and rpS6, and association of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR1) complex with RagA, RagC, and Rheb were increased by feeding and blunted by prematurity. There were no differences among groups in LD protein degradation markers. Our results demonstrate that preterm birth reduces weight gain and the protein synthetic response to feeding in muscle, pancreas, and kidney, and this is associated with blunted insulin- and/or amino acid-induced translation initiation signaling.