Droplet size impact on lactofen and acifluorfen efficacy for Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) control

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 416-423
Author(s):  
Lucas X. Franca ◽  
Darrin M. Dodds ◽  
Thomas R. Butts ◽  
Greg R. Kruger ◽  
Daniel B. Reynolds ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Droplet Size ◽  
Pulse Width Modulation ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Palmer Amaranth ◽  
Target Movement ◽  
Spray Droplet ◽  
Spray Droplets ◽  
Droplet Sizes ◽  
Biomass Reduction

AbstractHerbicide applications performed with pulse width modulation (PWM) sprayers to deliver specific spray droplet sizes could maintain product efficacy, minimize potential off-target movement, and increase flexibility in field operations. Given the continuous expansion of herbicide-resistant Palmer amaranth populations across the southern and midwestern United States, efficacious and cost-effective means of application are needed to maximize Palmer amaranth control. Experiments were conducted in two locations in Mississippi (2016, 2017, and 2018) and one location in Nebraska (2016 and 2017) for a total of 7 site-years. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of a range of spray droplet sizes [150 (Fine) to 900 μm (Ultra Coarse)] on lactofen and acifluorfen efficacy for Palmer amaranth control. The results of this research indicated that spray droplet size did not influence lactofen efficacy on Palmer amaranth. Palmer amaranth control and percent dry-biomass reduction remained consistent with lactofen applied within the aforementioned droplet size range. Therefore, larger spray droplets should be used as part of a drift mitigation approach. In contrast, acifluorfen application with 300-μm (Medium) spray droplets provided the greatest Palmer amaranth control. Although percent biomass reduction was numerically greater with 300-μm (Medium) droplets, results did not differ with respect to spray droplet size, possibly as a result of initial plant injury, causing weight loss, followed by regrowth. Overall, 900-μm (Ultra Coarse) droplets could be used effectively without compromising lactofen efficacy on Palmer amaranth, and 300-μm (Medium) droplets should be used to achieve maximum Palmer amaranth control with acifluorfen.

Impact of Auxin Herbicides on Palmer amaranth Groundcover

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-32
Author(s):  
Grant L Priess ◽  
Jason K Norsworthy ◽  
Rodger B Farr ◽  
Andy Mauromoustakos ◽  
Thomas R Butts ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Droplet Size ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Palmer Amaranth ◽  
Clear Understanding ◽  
Spray Droplet ◽  
Extended Range ◽  
Droplet Sizes ◽  
Auxin Herbicides ◽  
Control Technologies ◽  
The Impact

Abstract In current and next-generation weed control technologies, sequential applications of contact and systemic herbicides for POST control of troublesome weeds are needed to mitigate the evolution of herbicide resistance. A clear understanding of the impact auxin herbicide symptomology has on Palmer amaranth groundcover will aid optimization of sequential herbicide applications. Field and greenhouse experiments were conducted in Fayetteville, AR and a laboratory experiment was conducted in Lonoke, AR, in 2020 to evaluate changes in Palmer amaranth groundcover following an application of 2,4-D and dicamba with various nozzles, droplet sizes, and velocities. Field experiments utilized three nozzles: Extended Range (XR), Air Induction Extended Range (AIXR), and Turbo TeeJet Induction (TTI), to assess the effect of spray droplet size on changes in Palmer amaranth groundcover. Nozzle did not affect Palmer amaranth groundcover when dicamba was applied. However, nozzle selection did impact groundcover when 2,4-D was applied; the following nozzle order XR>AIXR>TTI reduced Palmer amaranth groundcover the greatest in both site-years of the field experiment. This result (XR>AIXR> TTI) matches percent spray coverage data for 2,4-D and is inversely related to spray droplet size data. Rapid reductions of Palmer amaranth groundcover from 100% at time zero to 39.4 to 64.1% and 60.0 to 85.8% were observed 180 minutes after application in greenhouse and field experiments, respectively, regardless of herbicide or nozzle. In one site-year of the greenhouse and field experiments, regrowth of Palmer amaranth occurred 10080 minutes (14 days) after an application of either 2,4-D or dicamba to larger than labeled weeds. In all experiments, complete reduction of live Palmer amaranth tissue was not observed 21 days after application with any herbicide or nozzle combination. Control of Palmer amaranth escapes with reduced groundcover may potentially lead to increased selection pressure on sequentially applied herbicides due to a reduction in spray solution contact with the targeted pest.

Herbicide Formulation, Spray Nozzle Design, and Operating Pressure Affects the Droplet Size Spectra of Agricultural Sprays

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua A. McGinty ◽  
Gaylon D. Morgan ◽  
Peter A. Dotray ◽  
Paul A. Baumann
Keyword(s):  
Wind Tunnel ◽  
Droplet Size ◽  
The United States ◽  
Spray Drift ◽  
Operating Pressure ◽  
Spray Nozzle ◽  
Spray Droplet ◽  
Size Spectra ◽  
Drift Potential ◽  
Spray Droplets

Aims: Determine the droplet size spectra of agricultural sprays as affected by herbicide formulations, spray nozzle designs, and operating pressures. Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted in April 2014 at the United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service Aerial Application Technology Research Unit Facility in College Station, Texas. Methodology: The spray droplet size spectra of six herbicide formulations as well as water alone and water with nonionic surfactant were evaluated in a low-speed wind tunnel. These spray solutions were conducted with five different flat-fan spray nozzle designs, producing a wide range of spray droplet sizes. The wind tunnel was equipped with a laser diffraction sensor to analyze spray droplet size. All combinations of spray solution and nozzle were operated at 207 and 414 kPa and replicated three times. Results: Many differences in droplet size spectra were detected among the spray solutions, nozzle designs, and pressures tested. Solutions of Liberty 280 SL exhibited the smallest median droplet size and the greatest proportion of spray volume contained in droplets 100 µm or less in size.  Solutions of Enlist Duo resulted in smaller median droplet size than many of the solutions tested, but also exhibited some of the smallest production of fine spray droplets. Median droplet size was found to vary greatly among nozzle designs, with the greatest droplet size and smallest drift-prone fine droplet production observed with air-inclusion designs utilizing a pre-orifice. Increasing the operating pressure from 207 to 414 kPa resulted in a decrease in median droplet size and an increase in the production of droplets 100 µm or less in size. Conclusion: Herbicide formulations and spray nozzle designs tested varied widely in droplet size spectra and thus the potential for spray drift. Increasing operating pressure resulted in decreased droplet size and an increase in the production of drift-prone droplets. Additionally, median droplet size alone should not be used to compare spray drift potential among spray solutions but should include relative span and V100 values to better predict the potential for spray drift due to drift-prone spray droplets.

Particle drift potential of glyphosate plus 2,4-D choline pre-mixture formulation in a low-speed wind tunnel

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 520-527
Author(s):  
Bruno C. Vieira ◽  
Thomas R. Butts ◽  
Andre O. Rodrigues ◽  
Jerome J. Schleier ◽  
Bradley K. Fritz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wind Tunnel ◽  
Droplet Size ◽  
Droplet Velocity ◽  
Target Movement ◽  
Spray Droplet ◽  
Low Speed ◽  
Particle Drift ◽  
Drift Potential ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Low Speed Wind Tunnel

AbstractThe introduction of 2,4-D–resistant soybean and cotton provided growers a new POST active ingredient to include in weed management programs. The technology raises concerns regarding potential 2,4-D off-target movement to sensitive vegetation, and spray droplet size is the primary management factor focused on to reduce spray particle drift. The objective of this study was to investigate the droplet size distribution, droplet velocity, and particle drift potential of glyphosate plus 2,4-D choline pre-mixture (Enlist Duo®) applications with two commonly used venturi nozzles in a low-speed wind tunnel. Applications with the TDXL11004 nozzle had larger DV0.1 (291 µm), DV0.5 (544 µm), and DV0.9 (825 µm) values compared with the AIXR11004 nozzle (250, 464, and 709 µm, respectively), and slower average droplet velocity (8.1 m s−1) compared with the AIXR11004 nozzle (9.1 m s−1). Nozzle type had no influence on drift deposition (P = 0.65), drift coverage (P = 0.84), and soybean biomass reduction (P = 0.76). Although the TDXL11004 nozzle had larger spray droplet size, the slower spray droplet velocity could have influenced the nozzle particle drift potential. As a result, both TDXL11004 and AIXR11004 nozzles had similar spray drift potential. Further studies are necessary to understand the impact of droplet velocity on drift potential at field scale and test how different tank solutions, sprayer configurations, and environmental conditions could influence the droplet size and velocity dynamics and consequent drift potential in pesticide applications.

Spray Tip Configurations with Pulse-Width Modulation for Glufosinate-Ammonium Deposits in Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri)

2017 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 1123-1136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alvin Ray Womac ◽  
Galina Melnichenko ◽  
Larry Steckel ◽  
Garrett Montgomery ◽  
Julie Reeves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Droplet Size ◽  
Pulse Width ◽  
Pulse Width Modulation ◽  
Spray Deposition ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Palmer Amaranth ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Current Experiment ◽  
Glufosinate Ammonium ◽  
Extended Range

Abstract. A commercial sprayer operated at a field speed of 24 km h-1 simultaneously applied glufosinate-ammonium through seven spray tip treatments spaced along a 30.5 m boom for measured foliar deposits of herbicide in 35 cm tall Palmer amaranth weeds and spray deposits on foliar-mounted water-sensitive paper (WSP). The experiment followed one that found increased herbicide deposits for dual tips with an adjacent, fore-aft mount, downward-pointed pre-orifice tip (Extremely Coarse) operated with blended pulse-width modulation (bPWM) and a pre-orifice tip (Fine) operated constant (non-bPWM) under moderate ambient wind velocities from 3.1 to 4.1 m s-1. Additional dual-tip treatments were added to the dual-tip configuration for the current experiment to expand droplet Coarseness and to add dual tips operated constant to isolate bPWM effects. Tested treatments in common with the previous experiment included the original dual-tip bPWM and non-bPWM combination, Y-adapter fore-aft-mounted pre-orifice tips with diverging spray patterns both operated bPWM, and an air-induction extended-range tip operated constant. Palmer amaranth weeds, total spray volume rate of 93.5 L ha-1, sprayer speed of 24 km h-1, and test methods were similar between studies, except for negligible wind in the current experiment. Conditions were clear and sunny during spraying without indicators of a stable atmosphere. Overall mean glufosinate-ammonium deposits recovered from leaves were greatest for dual-tips operated constant at reduced droplet size (Very Coarse and Fine) due to reduced required tip size operated without bPWM, and for increased droplet size for Y-adapter-mounted pre-orifice tips (Extremely Coarse and Coarse) operated with bPWM, resulting in overall mean glufosinate-ammonium leaf deposits of 15.9 and 15.0 µg a.i. cm-2, respectively. The combination of dual tips at reduced droplet size or the Y-adapter fore-aft spray pattern divergence of bPWM tips coupled with high sprayer speed enhanced droplet interception by Palmer amaranth plants under negligible wind conditions, since the collected deposits, even without summed integration over foliage height, significantly exceeded the applied rate of 8.2 µg a.i. cm-2. An air-induction extended-range tip non-bPWM (Very Coarse) provided the next highest mean in overall glufosinate-ammonium deposit. One increased-droplet size dual-tip, pre-orifice tip bPWM and non-bPWM (Ultra Coarse and Coarse) resulted in a mean deposit that was not significantly different from the air-induction extended-range tip operated non-bPWM. Other dual-tip combinations with bPWM and non-bPWM, including the original dual-tip configuration in the previous study, resulted in significantly reduced mean herbicide deposits. Considering all tested tips, advantages of bPWM depended on spray tip droplet size classifications and Y-mounted fore-aft divergence of spray patterns. Overall mean WSP spot deposits were greatest for reduced droplet size (Very Coarse and Fine) dual pre-orifice tips operated non-bPWM, corresponding with the highest numerical overall mean of glufosinate-ammonium deposit. This correspondence of highest spot deposits and highest mean glufosinate-ammonium deposit also occurred in the previous study. Increased Palmer amaranth control correlated with increased glufosinate-ammonium deposit and decreased volume median diameter (Dv0.5) determined with WSP electronic scans, with the air-induction extended-range tip operated constant and the Y-adapter pre-orifice tip operated as bPWM providing the highest weed control. Overall mean WSP spot deposits ranged from 42.3 to 81.1 spots cm-2, compared to 14.0 to 47.0 spots cm-2 previously reported for similar spray conditions, with spot deposits attributed to negligible wind versus wind, respectively. Thus, the spray environment, particularly wind, exhibited effects on nozzle tip comparisons for foliar deposition and may offer some rationale for the conflicting published data beyond the examined treatments. Keywords: Application technology, Blended pulse-width modulation, Herbicide, Herbicide resistance, Nozzle, Spray deposition, Water-sensitive paper, Weed.

scholarly journals Physical–Chemical Properties, Droplet Size, and Efficacy of Dicamba Plus Glyphosate Tank Mixture Influenced by Adjuvants

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1321
Author(s):  
Estefania Gomiero Polli ◽  
Guilherme Sousa Alves ◽  
Joao Victor de Oliveira ◽  
Greg Robert Kruger
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Droplet Size ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Droplet Size Distribution ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Target Movement ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Biomass Reduction

Dicamba plus glyphosate tank mixture have been largely adopted for postemergence weed control after the development of dicamba-tolerant crops. Ammonium sulfate is commonly used as water conditioner (WC) to increase glyphosate efficacy, but its use is restricted for dicamba herbicides. The use of non-AMS water conditioner and other adjuvants could be a way to optimize efficacy of this tank mixture while mitigating herbicide off-target movement. The objective of this study was to determine the physical–chemical properties and droplet size distribution of dicamba and glyphosate solutions with and without non-AMS WC alone and tank mixed with other adjuvants and evaluate the response of weed species to these solutions under greenhouse and field conditions. The adjuvants mostly increased density and viscosity and decreased contact angle and surface tension of herbicide solutions. In presence of WC, except for the adjuvants containing drift reducing agent, Dv0.5 decreased with the addition of adjuvants. Under greenhouse conditions, biomass reduction increased up to 47 and 33 percentage points for velvetleaf and c. waterhemp when adjuvants were added to solutions without WC, respectively. No increase in control of horseweed and Palmer amaranth was observed with the use of adjuvants under field conditions.

The Pick-up of Spray Droplets by flying Locusts

1954 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 177-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. W. Wootten ◽  
K. F. Sawyer
Keyword(s):  
Wind Tunnel ◽  
Droplet Size ◽  
Schistocerca Gregaria ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Spray Droplet ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Spray Droplets ◽  
Equivalent Area

Measurements of the Horizontal Equivalent Area (HEA) of flying locusts and the toxic efficiency of Mk. IV DNC solution, as a function of spray droplet size, have been made using Schistocerca gregaria (Forsk.) flying “ naturally ” in a wind tunnel. The experimental conditions, including visual stimuli, for “ natural ” flight were determined by means of a flight balance. The observed values of locust airspeed varied from 2·5 to 6·5 metres per second with a mean value of about 3·2 metres per second.

scholarly journals Spray nozzle selection contributes to improved postemergence herbicide crabgrass control in turfgrass

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Nangle ◽  
Zane Raudenbush ◽  
Tyler Morris ◽  
Michael Fidanza
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Spray Droplet ◽  
Spray Droplets ◽  
Droplet Sizes ◽  
Turfgrass Management

For optimum postemergence crabgrass (Digitaria spp.) control, a single quinclorac herbicide application could be properly timed and delivered with spray nozzles that produce spray droplets ranging from very coarse (401 - 500 µm) to medium (226 - 325 µm) in size to maximize target coverage and minimize the potential for drift.  Crabgrass is an invasive annual grass weed of cool-season turfgrass maintain as lawns, golf courses, and sports pitches.  Postemergence herbicide applications for crabgrass control in turfgrass swards often rely on repeated applications for effective control.  Optimizing postemergence crabgrass applications can reduce pesticide inputs and contribute to sustainable turfgrass management practices.  Two field studies evaluating crabgrass control were conducted in 2020 in a mixed stand of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) in Ohio (USA) and in perennial ryegrass in Pennsylvania (USA).  Both sites have histories of natural crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.] infestation.  A postemergence herbicide, quinclorac, was applied at the product label rate and tank-mixed with methylated seed oil at the crabgrass plant stage of three leaf to one tiller.  Different spray nozzles were selected to deliver the following spray droplet classifications and sizes at 275 kPa:  Delavan Raindrop 1/4, ultra coarse (> 650 µm); TurfJet 1/4TTJO4, extremely coarse (501 - 650 µm); Air Induction AA8004 or XRTeeJet 8015, very coarse (401 - 500 µm); XR TeeJet 8008 or GreenLeaf TDAD04, coarse (326 - 400 µm); XR TeeJet 8004, medium (226 - 325 µm); and XRTeeJet 8003 fine (145 - 225 µm).  Crabgrass pressure was low in Ohio, and herbicide efficacy at 60 days after treatment was considered acceptable when applied from all spray nozzles that produced pray droplet sizes ranging from ultra coarse to fine.  Crabgrass pressure was severe in Pennsylvania, and herbicide efficacy at 60 DAT was considered marginally acceptable when applied from spray nozzles that produced spray droplet sizes ranging from very coarse to medium.  Future research should consider cultural practices that would be complimentary to postemergence herbicide applications with the goal to further reduce pesticide use and minimize any potential environmental impacts related to spray drift.   Highlights - In turfgrass sites with low crabgrass pressure, one postemergence application of quinclorac herbicide could potentially achieve acceptable control with spray nozzles that produce spray droplets ranging from ultra coarse (> 650 µm) to fine (145 - 225 µm). - In turfgrass sites with heavy crabgrass population and pressure, one postemergence application of quinclorac herbicide is best optimized with spray nozzles that produce spray droplets ranging from very coarse (401 - 500 µm) to medium (226 - 325 µm). - Overall, turfgrass management practitioners should avoid using spray nozzles that produce a hollow cone spray pattern with ultra coarse (> 650 µm) spray droplets which can result in poor or irregular herbicide coverage, or fine (145 - 225 µm) spray droplets which are subject to potential drift and possible negative off-target effects. - Overall, in an effort to reduce herbicide use for postemergence crabgrass control, a single quinclorac herbicide application could be properly timed and optimized with nozzles that produce spray droplets ranging from very coarse (401 - 500 µm) to medium (226 - 325 µm) in size, however, future research should consider cultural practices that would further optimize and also reduce herbicide applications.

Evaluation of optimal droplet size for control of Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) with acifluorfen

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 511-519
Author(s):  
Lucas X. Franca ◽  
Darrin M. Dodds ◽  
Thomas R. Butts ◽  
Greg R. Kruger ◽  
Daniel B. Reynolds ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Droplet Size ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Additive Model ◽  
Plant Morphology ◽  
Palmer Amaranth ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Geographical Differences ◽  
Spray Droplet ◽  
Drift Field

AbstractAcifluorfen is a nonsystemic PPO-inhibiting herbicide commonly used for POST Palmer amaranth control in soybean, peanut, and rice across the southern United States. Concerns have been raised regarding herbicide selection pressure and particle drift, increasing the need for application practices that optimize herbicide efficacy while mitigating spray drift. Field research was conducted in 2016, 2017, and 2018 in Mississippi and Nebraska to evaluate the influence of a range of spray droplet sizes [150 μm (Fine) to 900 μm (Ultra Coarse)], using acifluorfen to create a novel Palmer amaranth management recommendation using pulse width modulation (PWM) technology. A pooled site-year generalized additive model (GAM) analysis suggested that 150-μm (Fine) droplets should be used to obtain the greatest Palmer amaranth control and dry biomass reduction. Nevertheless, GAM models indicated that only 7.2% of the variability observed in Palmer amaranth control was due to differences in spray droplet size. Therefore, location-specific GAM analyses were performed to account for geographical differences to increase the accuracy of prediction models. GAM models suggested that 250-μm (Medium) droplets optimize acifluorfen efficacy on Palmer amaranth in Dundee, MS, and 310-μm (Medium) droplets could sustain 90% of maximum weed control. Specific models for Beaver City, NE, indicated that 150-μm (Fine) droplets provide maximum Palmer amaranth control, and 340-μm (Medium) droplets could maintain 90% of greatest weed control. For Robinsonville, MS, optimal Palmer amaranth control could be obtained with 370-μm (Coarse) droplets, and 90% maximum control could be sustained with 680 μm (Ultra Coarse) droplets. Differences in optimal droplet size across location could be a result of convoluted interactions between droplet size, weather conditions, population density, plant morphology, and soil fertility levels. Future research should adopt a holistic approach to identify and investigate the influence of environmental and application parameters to optimize droplet size recommendations.

scholarly journals Investigation of Oil Droplet Breakup during Atomization of Emulsions: Comparison of Pressure Swirl and Twin-Fluid Atomizers

Fluids ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 219
Author(s):  
Martha L. Taboada ◽  
Esteban Zapata ◽  
Heike P. Karbstein ◽  
Volker Gaukel
Keyword(s):  
Droplet Size ◽  
Volume Flow ◽  
Droplet Breakup ◽  
Spray Droplet ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Oil Droplet ◽  
Droplet Sizes ◽  
Pressure Swirl ◽  
Oil Droplet Size ◽  
Nozzle Type

The goal of this study was to investigate oil droplet breakup in food emulsions during atomization with pressure swirl (PS), internal mixing (IM), and external mixing (EM) twin-fluid atomizers. By this, new knowledge is provided that facilitates the design of atomization processes, taking into account atomization performance as well as product characteristics (oil droplet size). Atomization experiments were performed in pilot plant scale at liquid volume flow rates of 21.8, 28.0, and 33.3 L/h. Corresponding liquid pressures in the range of 50–200 bar and air-to-liquid ratios in the range of 0.03–0.5 were applied. Two approaches were followed: oil droplet breakup was initially compared for conditions by which the same spray droplet sizes were achieved at constant liquid throughput. For all volume flow rates, the strongest oil droplet breakup was obtained with the PS nozzle, followed by the IM and the EM twin-fluid atomizer. In a second approach, the concept of energy density EV was used to characterize the sizes of resulting spray droplets and of the dispersed oil droplets in the spray. For all nozzles, Sauter mean diameters of spray and oil droplets showed a power-law dependency on EV. PS nozzles achieved the smallest spray droplet sizes and the strongest oil droplet breakup for a constant EV. In twin-fluid atomizers, the nozzle type (IM or EM) has a significant influence on the resulting oil droplet size, even when the resulting spray droplet size is independent of this nozzle type. Overall, it was shown that the proposed concept of EV allows formulating process functions that simplify the design of atomization processes regarding both spray and oil droplet sizes.

Effect of Two Polysaccharide Adjuvants on Glyphosate Spray Droplet Size and Efficacy

2007 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 171-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth J. Jones ◽  
James E. Hanks ◽  
Gene D. Wills ◽  
Robert E. Mack
Keyword(s):  
Droplet Size ◽  
Potassium Salt ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Spray Droplet ◽  
Spray Droplets ◽  
Spray Volume ◽  
Salt Formulation ◽  
Drift Control

Laboratory and field studies were conducted to determine the effect of the drift control adjuvants HM 2005B and HM 9752 on the droplet spectra and efficacy of spray mixtures of a potassium salt formulation of glyphosate. Droplet spectra were examined using a laser spray droplet analyzer. The addition of each adjuvant decreased the percentage of the spray volume in small diam spray droplets (<141μm) and either had no effect or increased glyphosate efficacy. These adjuvants could prove useful for providing management in potential drift situations.

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