scholarly journals Tolerance of grain sorghum to PRE- and POST-applied photosystem II–inhibiting herbicides

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 699-703
Author(s):  
Jason K. Norsworthy ◽  
Jacob Richburg ◽  
Tom Barber ◽  
Trenton L. Roberts ◽  
Edward Gbur
Keyword(s):  
Photosystem Ii ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Control Program ◽  
The United States ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Yield Data ◽  
Crop Tolerance ◽  
Crop Injury ◽  
Sorghum Production

AbstractAtrazine offers growers a reliable option to control a broad spectrum of weeds in grain sorghum production systems when applied PRE or POST. However, because of the extensive use of atrazine in grain sorghum and corn, it has been found in groundwater in the United States. Given this issue, field experiments were conducted in 2017 and 2018 in Fayetteville and Marianna, Arkansas, to explore the tolerance of grain sorghum to applications of assorted photosystem II (PSII)-inhibiting herbicides in combination with S-metolachlor (PRE and POST) or mesotrione (POST only) as atrazine replacements. All experiments were designed as a factorial, randomized complete block; the two factors were (1) PSII herbicide and (2) the herbicide added to create the mixture. The PSII herbicides were prometryn, ametryn, simazine, fluometuron, metribuzin, linuron, diuron, atrazine, and propazine. The second factor consisted of either no additional herbicide, S-metolachlor, or mesotrione; however, mesotrione was excluded in the PRE experiments. Crop injury estimates, height, and yield data were collected or calculated in both studies. In the PRE study, injury was less than 10% for all treatments except those containing simazine, which caused 11% injury 28 d after application (DAA). Averaged over PSII herbicide, S-metolachlor–containing treatments caused 7% injury at 14 and 28 DAA. Grain sorghum in atrazine-containing treatments yielded 97% of the nontreated. Grain sorghum receiving other herbicide treatments had significant yield loss due to crop injury, compared with atrazine-containing treatments. In the POST study, ametryn- and prometryn-containing treatments were more injurious than all other treatments 14 DAA. Grain sorghum yield in all POST treatments was comparable to atrazine, except prometryn plus mesotrione, which was 65% of the nontreated. More herbicides should be evaluated to find a comparable fit to atrazine when applied PRE in grain sorghum. However, when applied POST, diuron, fluometuron, linuron, metribuzin, propazine, and simazine have some potential to replace atrazine in terms of crop tolerance and should be further tested as part of a weed control program across a greater range of environments.

Interference of Three Annual Grasses with Grain Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)

1990 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brenda S. Smith ◽  
Don S. Murray ◽  
J. D. Green ◽  
Wan M. Wanyahaya ◽  
David L. Weeks
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Yield Data ◽  
Weed Density ◽  
Annual Grasses ◽  
Wide Row Spacing

Barnyardgrass, large crabgrass, and Texas panicum were evaluated in field experiments over 3 yr to measure their duration of interference and density on grain sorghum yield. When grain yield data were converted to a percentage of the weed-free control, linear regression predicted a 3.6% yield loss for each week of weed interference regardless of year or grass species. Grain sorghum grown in a narrow (61-cm) row spacing was affected little by full-season interference; however, in wide (91-cm) rows, interference increased as grass density increased. Data from the wide-row spacing were described by linear regression following conversion of grain yield to percentages and weed density to log10. A separate nonlinear model also was derived which could predict the effect of weed density on grain sorghum yield.

Impact of Planting Date on Melanaphis sacchari (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Population Dynamics and Grain Sorghum Yield

2019 ◽  
Vol 112 (6) ◽  
pp. 2731-2736 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas J Seiter ◽  
Anne D Miskelley ◽  
Gus M Lorenz ◽  
Neelendra K Joshi ◽  
Glenn E Studebaker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
The United States ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Melanaphis Sacchari ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Sugarcane Aphid ◽  
Aphid Feeding ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The sugarcane aphid, Melanaphis sacchari (Zehntner) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), has become a major pest of grain sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, in the United States in recent years. Feeding by large densities of sugarcane aphids causes severe damage, which can lead to a total loss of yield in extreme cases. Our objective was to determine the effect of grain sorghum planting date on sugarcane aphid population dynamics and their potential to reduce yields. We conducted field experiments from 2015 to 2017 in which an aphid-susceptible grain sorghum hybrid was planted at four different dates, which encompassed the typical range of planting dates used in Arkansas production systems. Plots were either protected from sugarcane aphid feeding using foliar insecticide sprays, or left untreated to allow natural populations of sugarcane aphids to colonize and reproduce freely. Planting date impacted both the magnitude and severity of sugarcane aphid infestations, with the highest population densities (and subsequent reductions in sorghum yield) generally occurring on plots that were planted in May or June. Sugarcane aphid feeding reduced yields in the untreated plots in two of the four planting date categories we tested. Earlier planting generally resulted in less sugarcane aphid damage and improved yields compared with later planting dates. While the effect of planting date on sugarcane aphid populations is likely to vary by region, sorghum producers should consider grain sorghum planting date as a potential cultural tactic to reduce the impact of sugarcane aphid.

Dicamba, Chlorsulfuron, and Clopyralid as Sprayer Contaminants on Sunflower (Helianthus annuus), Mustard (Brassica juncea), and Lentil (Lens culinaris), Respectively

Weed Science ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 616-621 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas A. Derksen
Keyword(s):  
Helianthus Annuus ◽  
Lens Culinaris ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Crop Tolerance ◽  
Crop Injury ◽  
Untreated Check ◽  
Grass Weed

Simulated sprayer tank residues of the broadleaf weed herbicides dicamba, chlorsulfuron, and clopyralid applied alone and with the grass weed herbicides sethoxydim and diclofop on sunflower, tame mustard, and lentil, respectively, caused visible crop injury and reduced dry weight and yield. Dry weight production in the greenhouse and crop tolerance ratings in the field indicated that the grass weed herbicides enhanced crop injury from dicamba, chlorsulfuron, and clopyralid. Yield reductions in field experiments were also greater when dicamba and clopyralid were mixed with grass weed herbicides and applied on sunflower and lentil, respectively. This did not occur with chlorsulfuron applied to mustard. When mixed with simulated broadleaf weed herbicide residues, diclofop enhanced dry weight reductions and crop injury and reduced yield to a greater extent than sethoxydim. Crop tolerance ratings differentiated treatments and rates but were not a good estimate of the extent of yield loss. When broadleaf weed herbicides were applied at rates simulating sprayer tank residues alone or combined with grass weed herbicides, yield losses ranged up to 40% in sunflower, 70% in mustard, and 95% in lentil, compared to the untreated check.

Weed control and crop tolerance of micro-encapsulated acetochlor applied sequentially in glyphosate-resistant soybean

2015 ◽  
Vol 95 (5) ◽  
pp. 973-981 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amit J. Jhala ◽  
Mayank S. Malik ◽  
John B. Willis
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
The United States ◽  
Soybean Yield ◽  
Application Timing ◽  
Common Waterhemp ◽  
Weed Density ◽  
Crop Tolerance ◽  
Green Foxtail

Jhala, A. J., Malik, M. S. and Willis, J. B. 2015. Weed control and crop tolerance of micro-encapsulated acetochlor applied sequentially in glyphosate-resistant soybean. Can. J. Plant Sci. 95: 973–981. Acetochlor, an acetamide herbicide, has been used for many years for weed control in several crops, including soybean. Micro-encapsulated acetochlor has been recently registered for preplant (PP), pre-emergence (PRE), and post-emergence (POST) application in soybean in the United States. Information is not available regarding the sequential application of acetochlor for weed control and soybean tolerance. The objectives of this research were to determine the effect of application timing of micro-encapsulated acetochlor applied in tank-mixture with glyphosate in single or sequential applications for weed control in glyphosate-resistant soybean, and to determine its impact on soybean injury and yields. Field experiments were conducted at Clay Center, Nebraska, in 2012 and 2013, and at Waverly, Nebraska, in 2013. Acetochlor tank-mixed with glyphosate applied alone PP, PRE, or tank-mixed with flumioxazin, fomesafen, or sulfentrazone plus chlorimuron provided 99% control of common waterhemp, green foxtail, and velvetleaf at 15 d after planting (DAP); however, control declined to ≤40% at 100 DAP. Acetochlor tank-mixed with glyphosate applied PRE followed by early POST (V2 to V3 stage of soybean) or late POST (V4 to V5 stage) resulted in ≥90% control of common waterhemp and green foxtail, reduced weed density to ≤2 plants m−2 and biomass to ≤12 g m−2, and resulted in soybean yields >3775 kg ha−1. The sequential applications of glyphosate plus acetochlor applied PP followed by early POST or late POST resulted in equivalent weed control to the best herbicide combinations included in this study and soybean yield equivalent to the weed free control. Injury to soybean was <10% in each of the treatments evaluated. Micro-encapsulated acetochlor can be a good option for soybean growers for controlling grasses and small-seeded broadleaf weeds if applied in a PRE followed by POST herbicide program in tank-mixture with herbicides of other modes of action.

Differential Response of Grain Sorghum Hybrids to Foliar-Applied Mesotrione

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Joy M. Abit ◽  
Kassim Al-Khatib ◽  
David L. Regehr ◽  
Mitchell R. Tuinstra ◽  
Mark M. Claassen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Differential Response ◽  
Visible Injury ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Sorghum Production ◽  
Selection Of

The selection of herbicide-resistant weeds in grain sorghum production has prompted researchers to explore alternative herbicides to prevent, delay, and manage herbicide-resistant weed biotypes. Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted to evaluate the differential response of sorghum hybrids to POST application of mesotrione. In a greenhouse experiment, 85 sorghum hybrids were treated with 0, 52, 105, 210, and 315 g ai/ha mesotrione when plants were at the three- to four-leaf collar stage. Sorghum response ranged from susceptible to tolerant sorghum hybrids. ‘Pioneer 84G62’, ‘Pioneer 85G01’, and ‘Triumph TR 438’ were the three most susceptible, whereas ‘Dekalb DKS35-70’, ‘Frontier F222E’, and ‘Asgrow Seneca’ were the three most tolerant hybrids. One week after treatment (WAT), the mesotrione rate causing 50% visible injury ranged from 121 to 184 and 64 to 91 g/ha in the most tolerant and susceptible hybrids, respectively. Mesotrione dose–response studies were conducted under field conditions on four sorghum hybrids. One WAT, injury symptoms were greater (up to 23%) in Pioneer 85G01 than in Asgrow Seneca (< 14%). However, all plants appeared normal by the end of the growing season. In addition, sorghum yields were not reduced by mesotrione treatments as verified by correlation coefficient analysis.

scholarly journals Evidence for a Pythium sp. as a Chronic Yield Reducer in a Continuous Grain Sorghum Field

Plant Disease ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 85 (7) ◽  
pp. 780-784 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Davis ◽  
W. W. Bockus
Keyword(s):  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Causal Organism ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Stalk Rot ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Seed Rot ◽  
Sorghum Production

Pythium spp. have been reported to reduce stands and cause stalk rot of grain sorghum. Evidence is presented that it also can cause a serious seed and root rot in the field under a continuous grain sorghum production system. Experiments were conducted for 4 years in a field that had been cropped continuously to grain sorghum for at least 10 years. Effects of seed treatments with captan and metalaxyl on plant stands, early to mid-season plant vigor, and grain yields were evaluated. In five field experiments, seed treatment with metalaxyl (73 g a.i./100 kg) increased grain yields by an average of 24.0% compared with nontreated seed. In three out of four field experiments, seed treatment with metalaxyl increased grain yields by an average of 13.1% above seed treated with captan (73 g a.i./100 kg). The yield increases could not always be explained in terms of differences among treatments in plant stands or in visual estimates of the amount of top growth 26 to 72 days after sowing. Apparently, the Pythium sp. causes a chronic root and seed rot that has a significant negative effect on grain production without necessarily affecting stands or early to mid-season growth. P. ultimum var. ultimum was the fungus most commonly isolated from roots and seeds collected from the field. Tests for Koch's postulates conducted in a greenhouse verified it as the causal organism. In the greenhouse, treatment with metalaxyl protected seeds and roots from attack by P. ultimum var. ultimum for at least 28 days after planting.

scholarly journals Response of Aryloxyphenoxypropionate-Resistant Grain Sorghum to Quizalofop at Various Rates and Application Timings

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Joy M. Abit ◽  
Kassim Al-Khatib ◽  
Phillip W. Stahlman ◽  
Patrick W. Geier
Keyword(s):  
Growth Stage ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Crop Injury ◽  
Crop Growth Stage

Conventional grain sorghum is highly susceptible to POST grass control herbicides. Development of aryloxyphenoxypropionate-resistant grain sorghum could provide additional opportunities for POST herbicide grass control in grain sorghum. Field experiments were conducted at Hays and Manhattan, KS, to determine the effect of quizalofop rate and crop growth stage on injury and yield of aryloxyphenoxypropionate-resistant grain sorghum. Quizalofop was applied at 62, 124, 186, and 248 g ai ha−1at sorghum heights of 8 to 10, 15 to 25, and 30 to 38 cm, which corresponded to early POST (EPOST), mid-POST (MPOST), and late POST (LPOST) application timings, respectively. Grain sorghum injury ranged from 0 to 68% at 1 wk after treatment (WAT); by 4 WAT, plants generally recovered from injury. The EPOST and MPOST applications caused 9 to 68% and 2 to 48% injury, respectively, whereas injury from LPOST was 0 to 16%, depending on rate. Crop injury from quizalofop was more prominent at rates higher than the proposed use rate in grain sorghum of 62 g ha−1. Grain yields were similar in treated and nontreated plots; applications of quizalofop at different timings did not reduce yield except when applied MPOST at the Manhattan site.

scholarly journals Spatial Distribution of Soybean Cyst Nematode in Research Plots

Plant Disease ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 103 (8) ◽  
pp. 1876-1883
Author(s):  
Susilo H. Poromarto ◽  
Luis E. del Río Mendoza ◽  
Berlin D. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Soybean Cyst Nematode ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cyst Nematode ◽  
Arithmetic Means ◽  
Yield Data ◽  
Minimum Number ◽  
Glycine Max L

Soybean cyst nematode (SCN; Heterodera glycines Ichinohe) is a major pathogen of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] in the United States. The spatial distribution of SCN in 10 naturally infested research sites in North Dakota was examined between 2006 and 2009. Egg densities were measured in plots and expressed as arithmetic means or grouped into classes using two categorical scales based on the effect of SCN on yield. Data were used to determine spatial distribution, egg cluster sizes, minimum plot sizes, and replications in field experiments. SCN populations varied among plots from undetected to 25,800 eggs/100 cm3 of soil, and differences between adjacent plots were as high as sixfold. Mean to median ratios and Lloyd’s index of patchiness suggested an aggregated distribution in nine of the 10 sites. SCN cluster sizes varied in five of the 10 sites and optimum plot size over all sites varied depending on calculation methods. The minimum number of replications needed to detect specific differences among plots varied between field sites. Grouping data into either of the two categories generally increased the ability to detect differences between plots. The spatial distribution of SCN can be a critical factor affecting design and outcomes of field experiments.

scholarly journals Effects of Silicon Applications on Soybean Rust Development Under Greenhouse and Field Conditions

Plant Disease ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 95 (3) ◽  
pp. 317-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. M. Lemes ◽  
C. L. Mackowiak ◽  
A. Blount ◽  
J. J. Marois ◽  
D. L. Wright ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Disease Onset ◽  
The United States ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Soybean Rust ◽  
Phakopsora Pachyrhizi ◽  
Soybean Production ◽  
Progress Curve ◽  
Production Areas

Soybean rust (SBR), caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi, is one of the most destructive fungal diseases affecting soybean production. Silicon (Si) amendments were studied as an alternative strategy to control SBR because this element was reported to suppress a number of plant diseases in other host–pathogen systems. In greenhouse experiments, soybean cultivars inoculated with P. pachyrhizi received soil applications of wollastonite (CaSiO3) (Si at 0, 0.96, and 1.92 t ha–1) or foliar applications of potassium silicate (K2SiO3) (Si at 0, 500, 1,000, or 2,000 mg kg–1). Greenhouse experiment results demonstrated that Si treatments delayed disease onset by approximately 3 days. The area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) of plants receiving Si treatments also was significantly lower than the AUDPC of non-Si-treated plants. For field experiments, an average 3-day delay in disease onset was observed only for soil Si treatments. Reductions in AUDPC of up to 43 and 36% were also observed for soil and foliar Si treatments, respectively. Considering the natural delayed disease onset due to the inability of the pathogen to overwinter in the major soybean production areas of the United States, the delay in disease onset and the final reduction in AUDPC observed by the soil Si treatments used may lead to the development of SBR control practices that can benefit organic and conventional soybean production systems.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document