Phase Equilibria in Hydrocarbon Systems. n-Butane-Water System in the Two-Phase Region.

1952 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 609-615 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. H. Reamer ◽  
B. H. Sage ◽  
W. N. Lacey
Keyword(s):  
Phase Equilibria ◽  
Water System ◽  
Phase Region ◽  
Two Phase

scholarly journals Thermodynamics and Machine Learning Based Approaches for Vapor–Liquid–Liquid Phase Equilibria in n-Octane/Water, as a Naphtha–Water Surrogate in Water Blends

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 413
Author(s):  
Sandra Lopez-Zamora ◽  
Jeonghoon Kong ◽  
Salvador Escobedo ◽  
Hugo de Lasa
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Phase Equilibria ◽  
Aspen Plus ◽  
Phase Region ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Technical Literature ◽  
Phase Liquid ◽  
Liquid Vapor ◽  
Vapor Liquid

The prediction of phase equilibria for hydrocarbon/water blends in separators, is a subject of considerable importance for chemical processes. Despite its relevance, there are still pending questions. Among them, is the prediction of the correct number of phases. While a stability analysis using the Gibbs Free Energy of mixing and the NRTL model, provide a good understanding with calculation issues, when using HYSYS V9 and Aspen Plus V9 software, this shows that significant phase equilibrium uncertainties still exist. To clarify these matters, n-octane and water blends, are good surrogates of naphtha/water mixtures. Runs were developed in a CREC vapor–liquid (VL_ Cell operated with octane–water mixtures under dynamic conditions and used to establish the two-phase (liquid–vapor) and three phase (liquid–liquid–vapor) domains. Results obtained demonstrate that the two phase region (full solubility in the liquid phase) of n-octane in water at 100 °C is in the 10-4 mol fraction range, and it is larger than the 10-5 mol fraction predicted by Aspen Plus and the 10-7 mol fraction reported in the technical literature. Furthermore, and to provide an effective and accurate method for predicting the number of phases, a machine learning (ML) technique was implemented and successfully demonstrated, in the present study.

Phase Equilibria and Lattice Parameters of Fe2Nb Laves Phase in Fe-Ni-Nb Ternary System at Elevated Temperatures

2004 ◽  
Vol 842 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masao Takeyama ◽  
Nobuyuki Gomi ◽  
Sumio Morita ◽  
Takashi Matsuo
Keyword(s):  
Ternary System ◽  
Phase Equilibria ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Phase Region ◽  
Lattice Parameters ◽  
Laves Phase ◽  
Austenitic Steels ◽  
Dominant Factor ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Ni Content

ABSTRACTPhase equilibria in Fe-Ni-Nb ternary system at elevated temperatures have been examined, in order to identify the two-phase region of γ-Fe (austenite) and ε-Fe2Nb (C14). The ε single phase region exists in the range of 27.5 to 35.5 at.% Nb in the Fe-Nb binary system, and it extends toward the equi-niobium concentration direction up to 44 at.% Ni in the ternary system at 1473 K, indicating that more than half of the Fe atoms in Fe2Nb can be replaced with Ni. Thus, the γ+ε two-phase region exists extensively, and the solubility of Nb in γ phase increases from 1.5 to 6.0 at.% with increase in Ni content. The lattice parameters of a and c in the C14 Laves phase decrease with increasing Ni content. The change in a axis is in good agreement with calculation based on Vegard's law, whereas that of c axis is much larger than the calculated value. The result suggests that atomic size effect is responsible for a-axis change and the binding energy is dominant factor for the c-axis change. To extend these findings to development of new class of austenitic steels strengthened by Laves phase, an attempt has been made to control the c/a ratio by alloying. The addition of Cr is effective to make the c/a ratio close to the cubic symmetry value (1.633).

scholarly journals Ternary Phase Diagram of Model Dentin Adhesive Exposed to Over-wet Environments

2011 ◽  
Vol 90 (12) ◽  
pp. 1434-1438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Q. Ye ◽  
J. Park ◽  
J.S. Laurence ◽  
R. Parthasarathy ◽  
A. Misra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phase Diagram ◽  
Ternary Phase Diagram ◽  
Water System ◽  
Phase Region ◽  
Partial Phase Diagram ◽  
Conjugate Pair ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Phase Partitioning ◽  
Equilibrium Partition ◽  
Tie Lines

When adhesives and/or composites are bonded to the tooth, water in the environment can interfere with proper interface formation. Formation of water blisters and phase separation at the adhesive/dentin interface have appeared as new types of bond defects. To better understand this problem, we determined the near-equilibrium partition of the hydrophobic/hydrophilic components when exposed to over-wet environments. Model methacrylate-based adhesives were mixed with different amounts of water to yield well-separated aqueous and resin phases. It was found that less than 0.1% BisGMA but nearly one-third of the HEMA diffused into the aqueous phase, leaving the remaining resin phase relatively hydrophobic. A partial phase diagram was created for the ternary BisGMA/HEMA/water system. All the experimental phase partitioning data were plotted, and the points lay on a binodal curve that separated the single-phase region from the two-phase region. We obtained the 3 tie lines by connecting the 2 points of each conjugate pair of the phase partitioning data from the 3 sets of tripartite mixtures. Information about solubility, water miscibility, distribution ratio, and phase partitioning behavior could be obtained quantitatively. This type of phase diagram will provide a more thorough understanding of current adhesive performance and elucidate directions for further improvement.

Phase Equilibria among γ-Fe, γ-Fe and Fe2Mo Phases and Stability of the Laves Phase in Fe-Mo-Ni Ternary System at Elevated Temperatures

2006 ◽  
Vol 980 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shigehiro Ishikawa ◽  
Takashi Matsuo ◽  
Masao Takeyama
Keyword(s):  
Ternary System ◽  
Phase Equilibria ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Phase Region ◽  
Homogeneity Region ◽  
Nickel Concentration ◽  
Peritectoid Reaction ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Three Phase ◽  
Binary Edge

AbstractPhase equilibria among the bcc Fe(α), fcc Fe(γ) and Fe2Mo(λ)_phases in Fe-Mo-Ni ternary system, particularly paying attention to the existence of the γ+λ two-phase region, have been examined at elevated temperatures below Tc (1200 K), the peritectoid reaction temperature in Fe-Mo binary system: λ?α+Fe7Mo6 (μ). At 1173 K the α+γ+μ three-phase coexisting region exists near the Fe-Mo binary edge and no λ phase region was identified. At 1073 K the λ phase in equilibrium with α and γ phases exists, although the composition homogeneity region of the ternary λ phase was limited to its binary edge toward the equi-nickel concentration direction up to about 3at % Ni. Instead, large two-phase region of γ+μ was extended along the same direction up to 20 at% Ni. The γ+λ two-phase region appears below Tc through a transition peritectoid reaction: α+μ¨γ+λ. The γ phase in equilibrium with λ phase is stable only at elevated temperatures, and it transforms martensitically to α phase during cooling. The addition of Ni stabilizes γ and μ phases against α and λ phases, thereby decreasing the relative stability of the λ phase.

Phase Equilibria between γ-Fe (A1) and Fe2Ti Laves (C14) Phases and Microstructure in Fe-Ti-Ni Ternary System at Elevated Temperatures

2007 ◽  
Vol 561-565 ◽  
pp. 435-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomoaki Sugiura ◽  
Shigehiro Ishikawa ◽  
Takashi Matsuo ◽  
Masao Takeyama
Keyword(s):  
Ternary System ◽  
Phase Equilibria ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Eutectic Reaction ◽  
Ternary Eutectic ◽  
Phase Region ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Ni Addition ◽  
Element Addition ◽  
Rich Side

The phase equilibria among α-Fe, γ-Fe and Fe2Ti phases in Fe-Ti-Ni ternary system at 1473 K and 1373 K with Ni (γ former element) addition were examined, by paying attention to the γ+Fe2Ti two-phase region. The Fe2Ti single-phase region extends toward the equal-titanium concentration direction up to about 30 at% Ni, and the Laves phase becomes in equilibrium with γ-Fe by 12 at% Ni addition, but the γ+Fe2Ti two-phase region is limited because of the formation of liquid phase by further Ni addition at 1473 K. With decreasing temperature, a ternary eutectic reaction (L→γ-Fe+Fe2Ti+Ni3Ti) occurs, making the two-phase region wider just below the invariant reaction at 1373 K, and the region becomes narrower again by the enlargement of the three-phases region toward Fe-rich side.

Phase Equilibria in Hydrocarbon Systems. n-Butane–Water System in Three-Phase Region

1944 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 381-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. H. Reamer ◽  
R. H. Olds ◽  
B. H. Sage ◽  
W. N. Lacey
Keyword(s):  
Phase Equilibria ◽  
Water System ◽  
Phase Region ◽  
Three Phase

Phase Equilibria in Co-Rich Co-Al-W Alloys at 1300°C and 900°C

2011 ◽  
Vol 686 ◽  
pp. 388-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fei Xue ◽  
Mei Ling Wang ◽  
Qiang Feng
Keyword(s):  
Phase Equilibria ◽  
Single Phase ◽  
Phase Region ◽  
Cooling Effect ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Ε Phase

The phase equilibria of Co-base trial alloys of Co-9Al-7.5W, Co-5.5Al-10W and Co-9Al-3W at 1300°C and 900°C were determined in the present investigation. The experimental alloys were γ single-phase alloys at 1300°C, although the existence of the γ' phase and the ε phase was identified due to cooling effect. The nearly cuboidal γ' phase and the plate-like DO19 phase in alloys 9Al-7.5W and 5.5Al-10W were coarsened after long-term annealing at 900°C. It is suggested that the alloy 9Al-7.5W was in γ+γ' two-phase region, while the alloys 5.5Al-10W and 9Al-3W were in γ+DO19 two-phase region and γ singe-phase region at 900°C, respectively.

Solution Properties and Phase Behavior of Ammonium Hexylene Octyl Succinate in Water and Water-Oil System

1970 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Hamidul Kabir ◽  
Ravshan Makhkamov ◽  
Shaila Kabir
Keyword(s):  
Critical Micelle Concentration ◽  
Phase Behavior ◽  
Liquid Crystalline ◽  
Carbon Number ◽  
Phase Region ◽  
Solution Properties ◽  
Middle Phase ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Lamellar Liquid Crystal ◽  
Drug Ingredient

The solution properties and phase behavior of ammonium hexylene octyl succinate (HOS) was investigated in water and water-oil system. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of HOS is lower than that of anionic surfactants having same carbon number in the lipophilic part. The phase diagrams of a water/ HOS system and water/ HOS/ C10EO8/ dodecane system were also constructed. Above critical micelle concentration, the surfactant forms a normal micellar solution (Wm) at a low surfactant concentration whereas a lamellar liquid crystalline phase (La) dominates over a wide region through the formation of a two-phase region (La+W) in the binary system. The lamellar phase is arranged in the form of a biocompatible vesicle which is very significant for the drug delivery system. The surfactant tends to be hydrophilic when it is mixed with C10EO8 and a middle-phase microemulsion (D) is appeared in the water-surfactant-dodecane system where both the water and oil soluble drug ingredient can be incorporated in the form of a dispersion. Hence, mixing can tune the hydrophile-lipophile properties of the surfactant. Key words: Ammonium hexylene octyl succinate, mixed surfactant, lamellar liquid crystal, middle-phase microemulsion. Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. Vol.3(1-2) 2004 The full text is of this article is available at the Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. website

scholarly journals Revisiting the Bøggild Intergrowth in Iridescent Labradorite Feldspars: Ordering, Kinetics, and Phase Equilibria

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 727
Author(s):  
Shiyun Jin ◽  
Huifang Xu ◽  
Seungyeol Lee
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Atom Probe ◽  
Phase Region ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Subsolidus Phase ◽  
Plagioclase Feldspar ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Scanning Transmission

The enigmatic Bøggild intergrowth in iridescent labradorite crystals was revisited in light of recent work on the incommensurately modulated structures in the intermediated plagioclase. Five igneous samples and one metamorphic labradorite sample with various compositions and lamellar thicknesses were studied in this paper. The lamellar textures were characterized with conventional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). The compositions of individual lamellae were analyzed with high-resolution energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) mapping and atom probe tomography (APT). The average structure states of the studied samples were also compared with single-crystal X-ray diffraction data (SC-XRD). The Na-rich lamellae have a composition of An44–48, and the Ca-rich lamellae range from An56 to An63. Significant differences between the lamellar compositions of different samples were observed. The compositions of the Bøggild intergrowth do not only depend on the bulk compositions, but also on the thermal history of the host rock. The implications on the subsolidus phase relationships of the plagioclase feldspar solid solution are discussed. The results cannot be explained by a regular symmetrical solvus such as the Bøggild gap, but they support an inclined two-phase region that closes at low temperature.

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