Multidimensional Anxiety and Content-specificity Effects in Preferential Processing of Threat

2003 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 252-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel G. Calvo ◽  
P. Avero ◽  
M. Dolores Castillo ◽  
Juan J. Miguel-Tobal
Keyword(s):  
Content Specificity ◽  
Specificity Effects

Multidimensional Anxiety and Content-specificity Effects in Preferential Processing of Threat

2003 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 252-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel G. Calvo ◽  
P. Avero ◽  
M. Dolores Castillo ◽  
Juan J. Miguel-Tobal
Keyword(s):  
Selective Attention ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Naming Task ◽  
Color Naming ◽  
Memory Bias ◽  
Ego Threat ◽  
Phobic Anxiety ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Content Specificity ◽  
Specificity Effects

We examined the relative contribution of specific components of multidimensional anxiety to cognitive biases in the processing of threat-related information in three experiments. Attentional bias was assessed by the emotional Stroop word color-naming task, interpretative bias by an on-line inference processing task, and explicit memory bias by sensitivity (d') and response criterion (β) from word-recognition scores. Multiple regression analyses revealed, first, that phobic anxiety and evaluative anxiety predicted selective attention to physical- and ego-threat information, respectively; cognitive anxiety predicted selective attention to both types of threat. Second, phobic anxiety predicted inhibition of inferences related to physically threatening outcomes of ambiguous situations. And, third, evaluative anxiety predicted a response bias, rather than a genuine memory bias, in the reporting of presented and nonpresented ego-threat information. Other anxiety components, such as motor and physiological anxiety, or interpersonal and daily-routines anxiety made no specific contribution to any cognitive bias. Multidimensional anxiety measures are useful for detecting content-specificity effects in cognitive biases.

PLACE AND ROLE OF ETHNIC TRADITIONS IN THE SOCIOCULTURAL SPACE

2021 ◽  
pp. 84-94
Author(s):  
Svetlana Madyukova
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Social Space ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Specific Function ◽  
Cultural Space ◽  
Economic Space ◽  
Cultural Specificity ◽  
Cultural Processes ◽  
Content Specificity

The article analyzes approaches to the study of sociocultural space, with a focus on the potential of the concept of “social space” in ethnosociological research. Its most important components have been identified: social and cultural space. The specific function of social space is fixed, namely, the preservation of the structure of social institutions, within which social interactions take place. When analyzing the cultural space, it was shown that cultural specificity is most clearly manifested in ethnic cultures (ethnocultures), the semantic core of which is tradition. The author comes to the conclusion that the totality of social and cultural processes is localized within certain territorial boundaries and is a socio-cultural superstructure over the landscape and climatic space. Spatial development of territories is possible in a situation of maintaining the meaningful uniqueness of the cultural space (realized, first of all, in traditions) within the boundaries of a single social, legal and economic space. social space determines, to a certain extent, the universality of the form (through social institutions and structures), and cultural space determines the content specificity of the sociocultural space.

scholarly journals Purification and biochemical characterization of polyphenol oxidase from seeds of melon (Citrullus colocynthis)

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-231
Author(s):  
David Morakinyo Sanni ◽  
Catherine Joke Adeseko ◽  
Samuel Olufemi Bamidele
Keyword(s):  
Gallic Acid ◽  
Polyphenol Oxidase ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Biochemical Characterization ◽  
Apparent Molecular Weight ◽  
Citrullus Colocynthis ◽  
Effects Of Ph ◽  
Melon Seeds ◽  
Processing And Storage ◽  
Specificity Effects

Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) is an enzyme that is responsible for the enzymatic browning of fruits and vegetables. This is generally undesired process and need to be prevented in food technology. PPO from seeds of Citrullus colocynthis was purified, the physicochemical properties such as effects of pH and temperature, substrate specificity, effects of inhibitors and cations on PPO activity and the kinetic parameters for four substrates namely, catechol, L-DOPA, gallic acid and tyrosine, were determined. The purification steps resulted in 41-fold with 10 % yield, and the optima pH and temperature values for PPO from C. colocynthis were found to be pH 7.0 and 60 °C, respectively using catechol as substrate. About 9 % enzyme initial activity was retained after 60 min of incubation at 80 °C, and the apparent molecular weight was determined as 42 kDa by partially denaturing SDS-PAGE. PPO activity was inhibited by ascorbic acid, SDS and certain divalent (Ca2+, Zn2+, Mg2+ and, Fe2+) and monovalent (Na+) metal. Moreover, purified enzyme solution showed diphenolase activity toward catechol, gallic acid, L-DOPA and monophenolase activity toward tyrosine, therefore, tyrosinase was identified as the only one PPO in C. colocynthis seeds. This study revealed the use of temperature above 80 °C to inhibit PPO activity during processing and storage of melon seeds.

scholarly journals Cognitive content structure of anxious and depressive patients

Psihologija ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 327-343
Author(s):  
Zdenka Novovic ◽  
Vesna Gavrilov ◽  
Miklos Biro ◽  
Snezana Tovilovic
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Divergent Validity ◽  
Check List ◽  
Cognitive Content ◽  
Cognitive Triad ◽  
Content Specificity ◽  
Components Analysis ◽  
Depressive Cognitions ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Depressive Patients

There were three aims of the study: to determine psychometric properties of Serbian translation of Beck's Cognition Check List, to analyze factor structure of both subscales of Check List and to check the relationship among determined dimensions of the subscales. Patients with depressive anxiety and mixed diagnoses participated. Results suggest that subscale of depressive cognitions is of satisfactory reliability and both concurrent and divergent validity. Subscale of anxious cognitions has satisfactory internal consistency, but is weakly correlated with anxiety symptoms and is not discriminatively valid. Principal components analysis of depressive cognitions subscale yielded three factors that corresponded to the elements of Beck's "Negative Cognitive Triad". Analysis of anxious subscale did not provided dimensions hypothesized by Beck, but three dimensions, which correspond to three groups of anxious symptoms, where identified. Results indicate possibility of applying Beck?s Content Specificity Hypothesis on separation of specific anxiety or phobic disorders.

Can We Lose Memories of Faces? Content Specificity and Awareness in a Prosopagnosic

1991 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy L. Etcoff ◽  
Roy Freeman ◽  
Kyle R. Cave
Keyword(s):  
Brain Injury ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Closed Head Injury ◽  
Sympathetic Skin Response ◽  
Emotional Expressions ◽  
Skin Response ◽  
Content Specificity ◽  
Angle Of View ◽  
The One

Prosopagnosia is a neurological syndrome in which patients cannot recognize faces. Kecently it has been shown that some prosopagnosics give evidence of "covert" recognition: they show greater autonomic responses to familiar faces than to unfamiliar ones, and respond differently to familiar faces in learning and interference tasks. Although some patients do not show covert recognition, this has usually been attributed to an "apperceptive" deficit that impairs perceptual analysis of the input. The implication is that prosopagnosia is a deficit in access to, or awareness of, memories of faces: the inducing brain injury does not destroy the memories themselves. We present a case study that challenges this view. LH suffers from prosopagnosia as the result of a closed head injury. He cannot recognize familiar faces or report that they are familiar, nor answer questions about the faces from memory, though he can (1) recognize common objects and subtly varying shapes, (2) match faces while ignoring irrelevant information such as emotional expression or angle of view, (3) recognize sex, age, and like-ability from faces, and (4) recognize people by a number of nonfacial channels. The only other categories of shapes that he has marked trouble recognizing are animals and emotional expressions, though even these impairments were not as severe as the one for faces. Three measures (sympathetic skin response, pupil dilation, and learning correct and incorrect names of faces) failed to show any signs of covert face recognition in LH, though the measures were sensitive enough to reflect autonomic reactions in LH to stimuli other than faces, and face familiarity in normal controls. Thus prosopagnosia cannot always be attributed to a mere absence of awareness (i.e., preserved information about faces whose output is disconnected from conscious cognitive processing), to an apperceptive deficit (i.e., preserved information about faces that cannot be accessed due to improperly analyzed perceptual input), or to an inability to recognize complex or subtly varying shapes (i.e., loss or degradation of shape memory in general). We conclude that it is possible for brain injury to eliminate the storage of information about familiar faces and certain related shapes.

scholarly journals Haptic Recognition of Familiar Objects: Examining Lateralization of Specificity Effects

2014 ◽  
Vol 119 (2) ◽  
pp. 430-439
Author(s):  
Julio González-Alvarez ◽  
María-ángeles Palomar-García
Keyword(s):  
Specificity Effects ◽  
Familiar Objects

Depression versus anxiety: A test of the content-specificity hypothesis.

1989 ◽  
Vol 98 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael S. Greenberg ◽  
Aaron T. Beck
Keyword(s):  
Content Specificity
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