Supplemental Material for Left or Right? Sources of Political Orientation: The Roles of Genetic Factors, Cultural Transmission, Assortative Mating, and Personality

2011 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Assortative Mating ◽  
Cultural Transmission ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Political Orientation

Modeling Extended Twin Family Data II: Power Associated With Different Family Structures

2009 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah E. Medland ◽  
Matthew C. Keller
Keyword(s):  
Assortative Mating ◽  
Environmental Effects ◽  
Cultural Transmission ◽  
Statistical Power ◽  
Large Data ◽  
Genetic Effects ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Family Structures ◽  
Nonrandom Mating ◽  
Children Of Twins

AbstractModeling the data from extended twin pedigrees allows the estimation of increasing complex covariance relationships in which the effects of cultural transmission, nonrandom mating and genotype x environment covariation can be incorporated. However, the power to detect these effects in existing data sets has not yet been examined. The present study examined the effects that different family structures (i.e., the ratio of MZ to DZ families and the importance of cousins vs. avuncular relatives) have on statistical power. In addition, we examined the power to detect genetic and environmental effects within the context of two large data sets (VA30K and the OZVA60K). We found that power to detect additive genetic and cultural transmission effects were maximized by over sampling MZ families. In terms of ascertainment, there was little difference in power between samples that had focused on recruiting a third generation (the children of twins) versus those that had focused on recruiting the siblings of the twins. In addition, we examined the power to detect additive and dominant genetic effects, cultural transmission and assortative mating in the existing VA30K and OZVA60K samples, under two different models of mating: phenotypic assortment and social homogamy. There was nearly 100% power to detect assortative mating and cultural transmission, against a background of small additive and dominant genetic and familial environmental effects. In addition, the power to detect additive or dominant genetic effects quickly asymptoted, so that there was almost 100% power to detect effects explaining 20% or more of the total variance. These results demonstrate that the Cascade model has sufficient power to detect parameters of interest in existing datasets. Mx scripts are available from www.vipbg.vcu.edu/~sarahme/cascade.

Genetic and Cultural Transmission of Antisocial Behavior: An Extended Twin Parent Model

2007 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 136-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hermine H. Maes ◽  
Judy L. Silberg ◽  
Michael C. Neale ◽  
Lindon J. Eaves
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Antisocial Behavior ◽  
Assortative Mating ◽  
Cultural Transmission ◽  
Shared Environment ◽  
Simultaneous Estimation ◽  
Adoption Studies ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Genes And Environment ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors

AbstractConsiderable evidence from twin and adoption studies indicates that both genetic and shared environmental factors play a substantial role in the liability to antisocial behavior. Although twin and adoption designs can resolve genetic and environmental influences, they do not provide information about assortative mating, parent–offspring transmission, or the contribution of these factors to trait variation. We examined the role of genetic and environmental factors for conduct disorder (CD) using a twin–parent design. This design allows the simultaneous estimation of additive genetic, shared and individual-specific environmental effects, as well as sex differences in the expression of genes and environment in the presence of assortative mating and combined genetic and cultural transmission. A retrospective measure of CD was obtained from twins and their parents or guardians in the Virginia Twin Study of Adolescent Behavior Development and its Young Adult Follow up sample. Both genetic and environmental factors play a significant role in the liability to CD. Major influences on individual differences appeared to be additive genetic (38%–40%) and unique environmental (39%–42%) effects, with smaller contributions from the shared environment (18%–23%), assortative mating (~2%), cultural transmission (~2%) and resulting genotype-environment covariance. This study showed significant heritability, which is slightly increased by assortative mating, and significant effects of primarily nonparental shared environment on CD.

scholarly journals Multi-network-based diffusion analysis reveals vertical cultural transmission of sponge tool use within dolphin matrilines

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. 20190227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonja Wild ◽  
Simon J. Allen ◽  
Michael Krützen ◽  
Stephanie L. King ◽  
Livia Gerber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Learning ◽  
Tool Use ◽  
Cultural Transmission ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Female Offspring ◽  
Shark Bay ◽  
Animal Populations ◽  
Diffusion Analysis ◽  
Learning Ecology ◽  
First Time

Behavioural differences among social groups can arise from differing ecological conditions, genetic predispositions and/or social learning. In the past, social learning has typically been inferred as responsible for the spread of behaviour by the exclusion of ecological and genetic factors. This ‘method of exclusion’ was used to infer that ‘sponging’, a foraging behaviour involving tool use in the bottlenose dolphin ( Tursiops aduncus ) population in Shark Bay, Western Australia, was socially transmitted. However, previous studies were limited in that they never fully accounted for alternative factors, and that social learning, ecology and genetics are not mutually exclusive in causing behavioural variation. Here, we quantified the importance of social learning on the diffusion of sponging, for the first time explicitly accounting for ecological and genetic factors, using a multi-network version of ‘network-based diffusion analysis'. Our results provide compelling support for previous findings that sponging is vertically socially transmitted from mother to (primarily female) offspring. This research illustrates the utility of social network analysis in elucidating the explanatory mechanisms behind the transmission of behaviour in wild animal populations.

scholarly journals Phenotypic covariance across the entire spectrum of relatedness for 86 billion pairs of individuals

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn E. Kemper ◽  
Loic Yengo ◽  
Zhili Zheng ◽  
Abdel Abdellaoui ◽  
Matthew C. Keller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Assortative Mating ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Experimental Designs ◽  
Genomic Relationship ◽  
Common Variants ◽  
Identity By Descent ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Causal Variants ◽  
The Common ◽  
Close Relatives

AbstractAttributing the similarity between individuals to genetic and non-genetic factors is central to genetic analyses. In this paper we use the genomic relationship ($$\pi$$ π ) among 417,060 individuals to investigate the phenotypic covariance between pairs of individuals for 32 traits across the spectrum of relatedness, from unrelated pairs through to identical twins. We find linear relationships between phenotypic covariance and $$\pi$$ π that agree with the SNP-based heritability ($$\hat h_{SNP}^2$$ h ̂ S N P 2 ) in unrelated pairs ($$\pi \, < \, 0.02$$ π < 0.02 ), and with pedigree-estimated heritability in close relatives ($$\pi \, > \, 0.05$$ π > 0.05 ). The covariance increases faster than $$\pi \hat h_{SNP}^2$$ π h ̂ S N P 2 in distant relatives ($$0.02 \, > \, \pi \, > \, 0.05$$ 0.02 > π > 0.05 ), and we attribute this to imperfect linkage disequilibrium between causal variants and the common variants used to construct $$\pi$$ π . We also examine the effect of assortative mating on heritability estimates from different experimental designs. We find that full-sib identity-by-descent regression estimates for height (0.66 s.e. 0.07) are consistent with estimates from close relatives (0.82 s.e. 0.04) after accounting for the effect of assortative mating.

scholarly journals The Ideal Romantic Partner Morality

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryo Oda ◽  
Kanako Hayashi
Keyword(s):  
Assortative Mating ◽  
Cultural Transmission ◽  
Moral Values ◽  
Mate Preferences ◽  
Romantic Partner ◽  
Moral Foundations ◽  
Moral Norms ◽  
Moral Principles ◽  
Group Breeding ◽  
The Ideal

Assortative mating must be important for maintaining morality in a population, as moral principles are shared by most people in a group. Breeding by a pair with similar morals results in genetic and cultural transmission of these morals to the next generation, which maintains the moral norms of the group. In this study, we investigated absolute and relative mate preferences in relation to particular moral foundations, as represented by five general moral values. In both sexes, correlations between ratings for self and an ideal romantic partner on these factors were rather high (.67  ≤ r ≤ .84). Differences between self-ratings and ratings for the ideal romantic partner did not deviate significantly from zero for any of these factors.

scholarly journals Cross-Cultural Comparison of Genetic and Cultural Transmission of Smoking Initiation Using an Extended Twin Kinship Model

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 179-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hermine H. Maes ◽  
Kate Morley ◽  
Michael C. Neale ◽  
Kenneth S. Kendler ◽  
Andrew C. Heath ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Assortative Mating ◽  
Cultural Transmission ◽  
Smoking Behavior ◽  
Smoking Initiation ◽  
Shared Environment ◽  
Adoption Studies ◽  
Genes And Environment ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors

Background: Considerable evidence from twin and adoption studies indicates that genetic and shared environmental factors play a role in the initiation of smoking behavior. Although twin and adoption designs are powerful to detect genetic and environmental influences, they do not provide information on the processes of assortative mating and parent–offspring transmission and their contribution to the variability explained by genetic and/or environmental factors. Methods: We examined the role of genetic and environmental factors in individual differences for smoking initiation (SI) using an extended kinship design. This design allows the simultaneous testing of additive and non-additive genetic, shared and individual-specific environmental factors, as well as sex differences in the expression of genes and environment in the presence of assortative mating and combined genetic and cultural transmission, while also estimating the regression of the prevalence of SI on age. A dichotomous lifetime ‘ever’ smoking measure was obtained from twins and relatives in the ‘Virginia 30,000’ sample and the ‘Australian 25,000’. Results: Results demonstrate that both genetic and environmental factors play a significant role in the liability to SI. Major influences on individual differences appeared to be additive genetic and unique environmental effects, with smaller contributions from assortative mating, shared sibling environment, twin environment, cultural transmission, and resulting genotype-environment covariance. Age regression of the prevalence of SI was significant. The finding of negative cultural transmission without dominance led us to investigate more closely two possible mechanisms for the lower parent–offspring correlations compared to the sibling and DZ twin correlations in subsets of the data: (1) age × gene interaction, and (2) social homogamy. Neither of the mechanism provided a significantly better explanation of the data. Conclusions: This study showed significant heritability, partly due to assortment, and significant effects of primarily non-parental shared environment on liability to SI.

Religious attendance and frequency of alcohol use: same genes or same environments: a bivariate extended twin kinship model

Twin Research ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hermine H Maes ◽  
Michael C Neale ◽  
Nicholas G Martin ◽  
Andrew C Heath ◽  
Lindon J Eaves
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Cultural Transmission ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Church Attendance ◽  
Family Resemblance ◽  
Religious Attendance ◽  
Bivariate Model ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractReligious attendance has been shown to correlate negatively with alcohol use. We investigated whether this relationship is driven by genetic or environmental factors. Data on frequency of church attendance and frequency of alcohol use were obtained from twins and their families in the Virginia 30 000 study. A comprehensive bivariate model of family resemblance was fitted to the data using Mx. This model is described in detail. Results indicate that genetic factors primarily account for the relationship between alcohol and church attendance in males, whilst shared environmental factors, including cultural transmission and genotype-environment covariance, are stronger determinants of this association in females.

A Bivariate Path Analysis of Fear Data on Twins and Their Parents

1984 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.C. Neale ◽  
D.W. Fulker
Keyword(s):  
Path Analysis ◽  
Assortative Mating ◽  
Cultural Transmission ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Path Model ◽  
Simple Path ◽  
Survey Questionnaire ◽  
Genetic Transmission ◽  
Bivariate Case ◽  
The Impact

AbstractA simple path model applicable to twins and their parents and involving both cultural and genetic transmission in the presence of phenotypic assortative mating was extended to cover the bivariate case. The model allows for cross assortative mating as well as cross cultural transmission. It was applied to two correlated measures derived from a fear survey questionnaire given to 1000 subjects. In allowing for the impact of more than one variable, the model allows for a much more realistic picture of cultural transmission than provided by the univariate model. The logic of the model and an application are outlined. (The authors are indebted to Professor R.J. Rose for providing the illustrative data.)

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