scholarly journals The microbiota of farmed mink (Neovison vison) follows a successional development and is affected by early life antibiotic exposure

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Iain Bahl ◽  
Anabelle Legarth Honoré ◽  
Sanne Tygesen Skønager ◽  
Oliver Legarth Honoré ◽  
Tove Clausen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Intramuscular Administration ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Antibiotic Administration ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition ◽  
Successional Development

AbstractOn many mink farms, antibiotics are used extensively during the lactation period to reduce the prevalence and severity of pre-weaning diarrhoea (PWD) in mink kits (also referred to as greasy kit syndrome). Concerns have been raised, that routine treatment of PWD with antibiotics could affect the natural successional development of the gut microbiota, which may have long lasting consequences. Here we investigated the effects of early life antibiotic treatment administered for 1 week (postnatal days 13–20). Two routes of antibiotic administration were compared to a non-treated control group (CTR, n = 24). Routes of administration included indirect treatment, through the milk from dams receiving antibiotics by intramuscular administration (ABX_D, n = 24) and direct treatment by intramuscular administration to the kits (ABX_K, n = 24). A tendency for slightly increased weight at termination (Day 205) was observed in the ABX_K group. The gut microbiota composition was profiled by 16S rRNA gene sequencing at eight time points between Day 7 and Day 205. A clear successional development of the gut microbiota composition was observed and both treatment regimens caused detectable changes in the gut microbiota until at least eight days after treatment ceased. At termination, a significant positive correlation was identified between microbial diversity and animal weight.

scholarly journals Prebiotic supplementation over a cold season and during antibiotic treatment specifically modulates the gut microbiota composition of 3-6 year-old children

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 253-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Soldi ◽  
S. Vasileiadis ◽  
S. Lohner ◽  
F. Uggeri ◽  
E. Puglisi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Antibiotic Treatment ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Cold Season ◽  
Medical Attention ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

Supplementing kindergarten children during a cold season with a prebiotic inulin-type fructans product with shorter and longer fructan chains has been shown to reduce febrile episodes requiring medical attention and to lower the incidence of sinusitis. These beneficial effects may be connected to the specific modulation of children’s gut microbiota. By applying quantitative and qualitative microbiota analysis this study aimed at characterising the gut microbiota composition and at exploring effects of prebiotic intervention on the gut microbiota during a 24-weeks intervention and during antibiotic treatment in healthy children. The study was a randomised, placebo-controlled trial with 258 healthy children aged 3 to 6 years consuming 6 g/day prebiotic inulin-type fructans or maltodextrin. During the course of the study, faecal samples were collected and subject to targeted qPCR analysis and phylogenetic profiling by multiplexed high throughput sequencing of the prokaryotic 16S rRNA gene PCR amplicons. The microbiota composition of the cohort could be clustered into three distinct constellations (enterotypes). Prebiotic intake resulted in a selective modulation of the gut microbiota composition. Relative abundance of Bifidobacterium was significantly higher in the prebiotic group (n=104) compared to control group (n=105) and this effect was found for all three enterotypes. Antibiotic administration decreased the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium in both groups. Nonetheless, children of the prebiotic group receiving antibiotic treatment displayed significantly higher levels of Bifidobacterium than children receiving the placebo control. Prebiotic supplementation induced specific changes in the gut microbiota composition of children aged 3 to 6 years. Moreover, it attenuated antibiotic-induced disturbances in the gut microbiota composition as shown by higher relative abundance of bifidobacteria at the end of the antibiotic treatment in the prebiotic group. With the previously reported benefits on immune function, the study contributes to the evidence on the immune-modulating effects of prebiotics through gut microbiota modifications. The study was registered as NCT03241355 ( https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03241355 ).

scholarly journals The effect of toxic pyridine-alkaloid secondary metabolites on the sunbird gut microbiome

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohanraj Gunasekaran ◽  
Maya Lalzar ◽  
Yehonatan Sharaby ◽  
Ido Izhaki ◽  
Malka Halpern
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Degrading Bacteria ◽  
And Control ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

AbstractSunbirds feed on tobacco tree nectar which contains toxic nicotine and anabasine secondary metabolites. Our aim was to understand the effect of nicotine and anabasine on the gut microbiota composition of sunbirds. Sixteen captive sunbirds were randomly assigned to two diets: artificial nectar either with (treatment) or without (control) added nicotine and anabasine. Excreta were collected at 0, 2, 4 and 7 weeks of treatment and samples were processed for bacterial culture and high-throughput amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. The gut microbiome diversity of the treated and control birds changed differently along the seven-week experiment. While the diversity decreased in the control group along the first three samplings (0, 2 and 4 weeks), it increased in the treatment group. The microbiota composition analyses demonstrated that a diet with nicotine and anabasine, significantly changed the birds’ gut microbiota composition compared to the control birds. The abundance of nicotine- and anabasine- degrading bacteria in the excreta of the treated birds, was significantly higher after four and seven weeks compared to the control group. Furthermore, analysis of culturable isolates, including Lactococcus, showed that sunbirds’ gut-associated bacteria were capable of degrading nicotine and anabasine, consistent with their hypothesised role as detoxifying and nutritional symbionts.

scholarly journals Antibiotics at birth and later antibiotic courses: effects on gut microbiota

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sofia Ainonen ◽  
Mysore V Tejesvi ◽  
Md. Rayhan Mahmud ◽  
Niko Paalanne ◽  
Tytti Pokka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Control Group ◽  
List Type ◽  
Antibiotic Exposure ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Antibiotic Courses ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

Abstract Background Intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis (IAP) is widely used, but the evidence of the long-term effects on the gut microbiota and subsequent health of children is limited. Here, we compared the impacts of perinatal antibiotic exposure and later courses of antibiotic courses on gut microbiota. Methods This was a prospective, controlled cohort study among 100 vaginally delivered infants with different perinatal antibiotic exposures: control (27), IAP (27), postnatal antibiotics (24), and IAP and postnatal antibiotics (22). At 1 year of age, we performed next-generation sequencing of the bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene of fecal samples. Results Exposure to the perinatal antibiotics had a clear impact on the gut microbiota. The abundance of the Bacteroidetes phylum was significantly higher in the control group, whereas the relative abundance of Escherichia coli was significantly lower in the control group. The impact of the perinatal antibiotics on the gut microbiota composition was greater than exposure to later courses of antibiotics (28% of participants). Conclusions Perinatal antibiotic exposure had a marked impact on the gut microbiota at the age of 1 year. The timing of the antibiotic exposure appears to be the critical factor for the changes observed in the gut microbiota. Impact Infants are commonly exposed to IAP and postnatal antibiotics, and later to courses of antibiotics during the first year of life. Perinatal antibiotics have been associated with an altered gut microbiota during the first months of life, whereas the evidence regarding the long-term impact is more limited. Perinatal antibiotic exposure had a marked impact on the infant’s gut microbiota at 1 year of age. Impact of the perinatal antibiotics on the gut microbiota composition was greater than that of the later courses of antibiotics at the age of 1 year.

MO598COMPARISON OF GUT MICROBIOTA COMPOSITION BETWEEN PERITONEAL DIALYSIS PATIENTS AND HEALTHY HOUSEHOLD CONTACTS

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Renata Rodrigues Teixeira ◽  
Laila S. Andrade ◽  
Natalia Barros Ferreira Pereira ◽  
Christian Hoffmann ◽  
Lilian Cuppari
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Diet Quality ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Household Contacts ◽  
Diet Quality Index ◽  
Feces Sample ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

Abstract Background and Aims According to some studies, it seems that advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) has the potential to cause alterations in the composition of patients gut microbiota. Most of these data have been provided by comparing the microbiota profile between patients and healthy individuals. However, well-known factors that influence the microbiota composition such as age, environment and diet were not considered in the majority of these comparative studies. In the present study, we aimed to compare the gut microbiota composition between patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD) and age-paired healthy household contacts. Method This is a cross-sectional study. Patients undergoing automated PD for at least 3 months, aged 18 to 75 years and clinically stable were enrolled. Those who were using prebiotics, probiotics, symbiotics and antibiotics within a period of 30 days before the study, were not included. A healthy control group was composed by individuals living in the same home and with similar age of the patients. Participants received sterile materials to collect the feces sample and were instructed to keep it refrigerated and bring to the clinic within a period of 12h. To evaluate the microbial profile, 16S ribosomal DNA was PCR-amplified and sequenced on an IlluminaMiSeq platform. Diet was evaluated using a 3-day food record and the diet quality was analyzed by a Brazilian Diet Quality Index. Rome IV questionnaire was applied to diagnose constipation. Nutritional status was assessed by 7-point subjective global assessment (SGA) and body mass index (BMI). Fasting blood samples were collected and clinical data were obtained from interviewing the participants and from the patient’s charts. Data are presented in percentage, mean ± standard deviation or median (interquartile range). Results Twenty patients (PD group) and 20 healthy household contacts (control group) were studied. In PD group: 70% were men, 53.5 (48.2 - 66) years old, 50% had diabetes, BMI 25.9 ± 4.8 kg/m², 95% well-nourished, 40% constipated, 14 (5.2 – 43.5) months on dialysis and 80% had residual diuresis. In control group: 30% were men, 51.5 (46.2 - 59.7) years old, BMI 28.7 ± 3.5 kg/m² and 20% constipated. Except of sex (p = 0.01) and BMI (p = 0.04), there were no other differences between groups. Comparing dietary intake between groups, no difference was found in daily energy [PD: 20.8 ± 5.4 kcal/kg/d vs. control: 22.0 ± 5.6 kcal/kg/d, p = 0.51], protein (PD: 0.8 ± 0.2 g/kg/d vs. control: 0.9 ± 0.2 g/kg/d, p = 0.23) and fiber [PD: 14.1 (10.7 – 21.1) g/d vs. 13.7 (10.4 – 18.0) g/d, p = 0.85]. In addition, the Diet Quality Index was also not different between groups (PD: 52.3 ± 15.6 vs. control: 54.5 ± 14.8, p = 0.65). Regarding microbiota composition, no difference was found between groups in alfa diversity (Figure 1), beta diversity (p>0.05), and genera differential abundance (Figure 2). Conclusion In the present study, no difference in the gut microbiota composition was found between patients on PD and healthy household contacts sharing a similar environment and diet. This result suggests that CKD and PD seem not to alter significantly gut microbiota composition.

scholarly journals Colonisation potential of plantaricin-producing Lactobacillus plantarum SF9C andS-layer-carrying Lactobacillus brevis SF9B among gut microbiota

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarina Butorac ◽  
Martina Banic ◽  
Jasna Novak ◽  
Andreja Leboš Pavunc ◽  
Ksenija Uroic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Lactobacillus Plantarum ◽  
Lactobacillus Brevis ◽  
Illumina Miseq ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Combined Application ◽  
Probiotic Potential ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

Abstract Background: The influence of an S-layer-carrying strain Lactobacillus brevis SF9B and a plantaricin-producing strain Lactobacillus plantarum SF9C on the gut microbiota composition was evaluated in the rats. Considering the probiotic potential of Lb. brevis SF9B, this study aimed to examine the antibacterial activity of Lb. plantarum SF9C and potential for their in vivo colonisation, which could be the basis for the investigation of their synergistic functionality. Results: A plantaricin-encoding cluster was identified in Lb. plantarum SF9C, a strain which efficiently inhibited the growth of Listeria monocytogenes ATCC®19111™ and Staphylococcus aureus 3048. Contrary to the plantaricin-producing SF9C strain, the S-layer-carrying SF9B strain excluded Escherichia coli 3014 and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium FP1 from adhesion to Caco-2 cells. Finally, DGGE analysis of the V2-V3 region of the 16S rRNA gene confirmed the transit of two selected lactobacilli through the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Microbiome profiling via the Illumina MiSeq platform revealed the prevalence of Lactobacillus spp. in the gut microbiota of rats suggesting their colonisation potential in GIT.Conclusion: The combined application of Lb. plantarum SF9C and Lb. brevis SF9B could influence the intestinal microbiota composition, which is reflected through the increased abundance of Lactobacillus genus, but also through altered abundances of other bacterial genera, either in the model of healthy or aberrant microbiota of rats. The obtained results contributed to the functional aspects of SF9C and SF9B strains which could be incorporated in the probiotic-containing functional foods and therefore have a beneficial influence on the gut microbiota composition.

scholarly journals Ontogenetic Differences in Dietary Fat Influence Microbiota Assembly in the Zebrafish Gut

mBio ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandi Wong ◽  
W. Zac Stephens ◽  
Adam R. Burns ◽  
Keaton Stagaman ◽  
Lawrence A. David ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Dietary Fat ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Ideal Model ◽  
Surrounding Environment ◽  
Animal Hosts ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

ABSTRACT Gut microbiota influence the development and physiology of their animal hosts, and these effects are determined in part by the composition of these microbial communities. Gut microbiota composition can be affected by introduction of microbes from the environment, changes in the gut habitat during development, and acute dietary alterations. However, little is known about the relationship between gut and environmental microbiotas or about how host development and dietary differences during development impact the assembly of gut microbiota. We sought to explore these relationships using zebrafish, an ideal model because they are constantly immersed in a defined environment and can be fed the same diet for their entire lives. We conducted a cross-sectional study in zebrafish raised on a high-fat, control, or low-fat diet and used bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequencing to survey microbial communities in the gut and external environment at different developmental ages. Gut and environmental microbiota compositions rapidly diverged following the initiation of feeding and became increasingly different as zebrafish grew under conditions of a constant diet. Different dietary fat levels were associated with distinct gut microbiota compositions at different ages. In addition to alterations in individual bacterial taxa, we identified putative assemblages of bacterial lineages that covaried in abundance as a function of age, diet, and location. These results reveal dynamic relationships between dietary fat levels and the microbial communities residing in the intestine and the surrounding environment during ontogenesis. IMPORTANCE The ability of gut microbiota to influence host health is determined in part by their composition. However, little is known about the relationship between gut and environmental microbiotas or about how ontogenetic differences in dietary fat impact gut microbiota composition. We addressed these gaps in knowledge using zebrafish, an ideal model organism because their environment can be thoroughly sampled and they can be fed the same diet for their entire lives. We found that microbial communities in the gut changed as zebrafish aged under conditions of a constant diet and became increasingly different from microbial communities in their surrounding environment. Further, we observed that the amount of fat in the diet had distinct age-specific effects on gut community assembly. These results reveal the complex relationships between microbial communities residing in the intestine and those in the surrounding environment and show that these relationships are shaped by dietary fat throughout the life of animal hosts.

scholarly journals IgA-deficient humans exhibit gut microbiota dysbiosis despite secretion of compensatory IgM

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason R. Catanzaro ◽  
Juliet D. Strauss ◽  
Agata Bielecka ◽  
Anthony F. Porto ◽  
Francis M. Lobo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Iga Deficiency ◽  
Secretory Iga ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Antibody Isotype ◽  
Selective Iga Deficiency ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

Abstract Immunoglobulin A is the dominant antibody isotype found in mucosal secretions and enforces host-microbiota symbiosis in mice, yet selective IgA-deficiency (sIgAd) in humans is often described as asymptomatic. Here, we determined the effects of IgA deficiency on human gut microbiota composition and evaluated the possibility that mucosal secretion of IgM can compensate for a lack of secretory IgA. We used 16S rRNA gene sequencing and bacterial cell sorting to evaluate gut microbiota composition and taxa-specific antibody coating of the gut microbiota in 15 sIgAd subjects and matched controls. Despite the secretion of compensatory IgM into the gut lumen, sIgAd subjects displayed an altered gut microbiota composition as compared to healthy controls. These alterations were characterized by a trend towards decreased overall microbial diversity as well as significant shifts in the relative abundances of specific microbial taxa. While secretory IgA in healthy controls targeted a defined subset of the microbiota via high-level coating, compensatory IgM in sIgAd subjects showed less specificity than IgA and bound a broader subset of the microbiota. We conclude that IgA plays a critical and non-redundant role in controlling gut microbiota composition in humans and that secretory IgA has evolved to maintain a diverse and stable gut microbial community.

scholarly journals Osteopontin-Enriched Algae Modulates the Gut Microbiota Composition in Weaning Piglets Infected with Enterotoxigenic Escherichia Coli (P06-069-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mei Wang ◽  
Brooke Smith ◽  
Brock Adams ◽  
Miller Tran ◽  
Ryan Dilger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia Coli ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

Abstract Objectives Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) are an important cause of diarrhea in human infants and young farm animals. Osteopontin (OPN), a glycoprotein present in high concentration in human milk, has immunomodulatory functions, which could indirectly impact the microbiota. Furthermore, a previous study has shown fecal microbiota composition differs between wild-type and OPN knockout mice. Herein, the effects of OPN-enriched algae on the gut microbiota composition and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations of ETEC-infected piglets were assessed. Methods Naturally-farrowed piglets were sow-reared for 21 days and then randomized to two weaning diets: WT (formula + 1% wild-type algae) or OPN (formula + 1% OPN-enriched algae). On postnatal day (PND) 31, all piglets were infected orally with a live culture of ETEC (1010 colony-forming unit/3 mL dose) daily for three consecutive days. On PND 41, ascending colon (AC) contents were collected. Gut microbiota was assessed by sequencing V3-V4 regions of 16S rRNA gene and VFAs were determined by gas chromatography. Alpha-diversity and VFAs were analyzed using PROC MIXED procedure of SAS. Beta-diversity was evaluated by permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) and differential abundance analysis on the bacterial genera was performed using DESeq2 package of R. Results Shannon indices were lower in the AC contents of OPN piglets compared to WT piglets. The overall colonic microbiota of OPN piglets differed from that of WT piglets (PERMANOVA P = 0.015). At genus level, OPN-enriched algae increased the abundance of Streptococcus, decreased the abundances of Sutterella, Candidatus Soleaferrea, dga-11 gut group, Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group, Ruminococcaceae UCG-010, unculturedRuminococcaceae, Prevotella 2 and 7 compared to piglets consuming wild-type algae (P < 0. 05). OPN piglets also had higher (P < 0.05) concentrations of acetate, propionate, butyrate and valerate compared to WT. Conclusions In ETEC infected piglets, 1% OPN-enriched algae decreased alpha-diversity and modulated the microbiota composition and VFA profiles compared to 1% WT algae. Other studies have shown that OPN inhibits biofilm formation in vitro, but future research is needed to assess in vivo microbiome-modulation mechanisms. Funding Sources Triton Algae Innovations.

scholarly journals Microbial signature in IgE-mediated food allergies

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael R. Goldberg ◽  
Hadar Mor ◽  
Dafna Magid Neriya ◽  
Faiga Magzal ◽  
Efrat Muller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Allergy ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Learning Algorithm ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Food Allergies ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Α Diversity ◽  
Ige Mediated ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

Abstract Background Multiple studies suggest a key role for gut microbiota in IgE-mediated food allergy (FA) development, but to date, none has studied it in the persistent state. Methods To characterize the gut microbiota composition and short-chain fatty acid (SCFAs) profiles associated with major food allergy groups, we recruited 233 patients with FA including milk (N = 66), sesame (N = 38), peanut (N = 71), and tree nuts (N = 58), and non-allergic controls (N = 58). DNA was isolated from fecal samples, and 16S rRNA gene sequences were analyzed. SCFAs in stool were analyzed from patients with a single allergy (N = 84) and controls (N = 31). Results The gut microbiota composition of allergic patients was significantly different compared to age-matched controls both in α-diversity and β-diversity. Distinct microbial signatures were noted for FA to different foods. Prevotella copri (P. copri) was the most overrepresented species in non-allergic controls. SCFAs levels were significantly higher in the non-allergic compared to the FA groups, whereas P. copri significantly correlated with all three SCFAs. We used these microbial differences to distinguish between FA patients and non-allergic healthy controls with an area under the curve of 0.90, and for the classification of FA patients according to their FA types using a supervised learning algorithm. Bacteroides and P. copri were identified as taxa potentially contributing to KEGG acetate-related pathways enriched in non-allergic compared to FA. In addition, overall pathway dissimilarities were found among different FAs. Conclusions Our results demonstrate a link between IgE-mediated FA and the composition and metabolic activity of the gut microbiota.

scholarly journals Comparative Analysis of Fecal Microbiota Composition Between Rheumatoid Arthritis and Osteoarthritis Patients

Genes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 748 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin-Young Lee ◽  
Mohamed Mannaa ◽  
Yunkyung Kim ◽  
Jehun Kim ◽  
Geun-Tae Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

The aim of this study was to investigate differences between the gut microbiota composition in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and those with osteoarthritis (OA). Stool samples from nine RA patients and nine OA patients were collected, and DNA was extracted. The gut microbiome was assessed using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. The structures and differences in the gut microbiome between RA and OA were analyzed. The analysis of diversity revealed no differences in the complexity of samples. The RA group had a lower Bacteroidetes: Firmicutes ratio than did the OA group. Lactobacilli and Prevotella, particularly Prevotella copri, were more abundant in the RA than in the OA group, although these differences were not statistically significant. The relative abundance of Bacteroides and Bifidobacterium was lower in the RA group. At the species level, the abundance of certain bacterial species was significantly lower in the RA group, such as Fusicatenibacter saccharivorans, Dialister invisus, Clostridium leptum, Ruthenibacterium lactatiformans, Anaerotruncus colihominis, Bacteroides faecichinchillae, Harryflintia acetispora, Bacteroides acidifaciens, and Christensenella minuta. The microbial properties of the gut differed between RA and OA patients, and the RA dysbiosis revealed results similar to those of other autoimmune diseases, suggesting that a specific gut microbiota pattern is related to autoimmunity.

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