Comparing fast inductive tempering and conventional tempering: Effects on microstructure and mechanical properties

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (4) ◽  
pp. 407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annika Eggbauer Vieweg ◽  
Gerald Ressel ◽  
Peter Raninger ◽  
Petri Prevedel ◽  
Stefan Marsoner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Impact Energy ◽  
Charpy Impact ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Processing Route ◽  
High Heating Rate ◽  
Heating Rates ◽  
High Heating ◽  
Tempering Treatment ◽  
Carbide Distribution

Induction heating processes are of rising interest within the heat treating industry. Using inductive tempering, a lot of production time can be saved compared to a conventional tempering treatment. However, it is not completely understood how fast inductive processes influence the quenched and tempered microstructure and the corresponding mechanical properties. The aim of this work is to highlight differences between inductive and conventional tempering processes and to suggest a possible processing route which results in optimized microstructures, as well as desirable mechanical properties. Therefore, the present work evaluates the influencing factors of high heating rates to tempering temperatures on the microstructure as well as hardness and Charpy impact energy. To this end, after quenching a 50CrMo4 steel three different induction tempering processes are carried out and the resulting properties are subsequently compared to a conventional tempering process. The results indicate that notch impact energy raises with increasing heating rates to tempering when realizing the same hardness of the samples. The positive effect of high heating rate on toughness is traced back to smaller carbide sizes, as well as smaller carbide spacing and more uniform carbide distribution over the sample.

scholarly journals XPS and Electron Microscopy Study of Oxide-Scale Evolution on Ignition Resistant Mg-3Ca Alloy at Low and High Heating Rates

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. A. Villegas-Armenta ◽  
R. A. L. Drew ◽  
M. O. Pekguleryuz
Keyword(s):  
Oxide Scale ◽  
Heating Rate ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Microscopy Study ◽  
Electron Microscopy Study ◽  
High Heating Rate ◽  
Heating Rates ◽  
Oxide Interface ◽  
Protective Oxide ◽  
High Heating

AbstractEarlier work by the authors suggested that the formation of molten eutectic regions in Mg-Ca binary alloys caused a discrepancy in ignition temperature when different heating rates are used. This effect was observed for alloys where Ca content is greater than 1 wt%. In this work, the effect of two heating rates (25 °C/min and 45 °C/min) on the ignition resistance of Mg-3Ca is evaluated in terms of oxide growth using X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. It is found that the molten eutectic regions develop a thin oxide scale of ~100 nm rich in Ca at either heating rate. The results prove that under the high heating rate, solid intermetallics are oxidized forming CaO nodules at the metal/oxide interface that eventually contribute to the formation of a thick and non-protective oxide scale in the liquid state.

scholarly journals Effects of Heating Rate on Formation of Globular and Acicular Austenite during Reversion from Martensite

Metals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xianguang Zhang ◽  
Goro Miyamoto ◽  
Yuki Toji ◽  
Tadashi Furuhara
Keyword(s):  
Heating Rate ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
The Other ◽  
Growth Mode ◽  
High Heating Rate ◽  
Heating Rates ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
High Heating ◽  
Martensite Matrix

The effects of heating rate on the formation of acicular and globular austenite during reversion from martensite in Fe–2Mn–1.5Si–0.3C alloy have been investigated. It was found that a low heating rate enhanced the formation of acicular austenite, while a high heating rate favored the formation of globular austenite. The growth of acicular γ was accompanied by the partitioning of Mn and Si, while the growth of globular γ was partitionless. DICTRA simulation revealed that there was a transition in growth mode from partitioning to partitionless for the globular austenite with an increase in temperature at high heating rate. High heating rates promoted a reversion that occurred at high temperatures, which made the partitionless growth of globular austenite occur more easily. On the other hand, the severer Mn enrichment into austenite at low heating rate caused Mn depletion in the martensite matrix, which decelerated the reversion kinetics in the later stage and suppressed the formation of globular austenite.

Effect of Heating Rate on Al Bonding in Air by Inserted A5056 Disk

2007 ◽  
Vol 345-346 ◽  
pp. 1457-1460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Kawakami ◽  
Keiko Kimura ◽  
Satoshi Kondo ◽  
Jippei Suzuki
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Oxide Film ◽  
Heating Rate ◽  
Thermal History ◽  
Bonding Process ◽  
High Heating Rate ◽  
High Heating ◽  
History Of ◽  
Al Oxide ◽  
Bonding Surface

Al bonding in air by inserted A5056 was investigated in this study. Heating rate in thermal history of bonding process may have the relation with the growth of Al oxide film and the deformation of bonding surface by softening. Both of phenomena affect the joinability and the mechanical properties of bond. Al bonding in air was carried out by several heating rate. Growth of Al oxide film significantly suppressed the progress of bonding in air by low heating rate, 1K/s. Decrease of deformation of bonding surface suppressed also the progress of bonding by high heating rate, 10K/s. In case of medium heating rate, 5K/s, good joinabilty of Al bonding in air was obtained by the medium growth of oxide film and the deformation of bonding surface.

Experimental Research and Analysis of Non-alloy Structural Steel Response Exposed to High Temperature Conditions

2013 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-169
Author(s):  
Josip Brnic ◽  
Goran Turkalj ◽  
Sanjin Krscanski
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Structural Steel ◽  
Impact Energy ◽  
Charpy Impact ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Charpy Impact Energy ◽  
Over Time

AbstractThis paper presents and analyzes the responses of non-alloy structural steel (1.0044) subjected to uniaxial stresses at high temperatures. This research has two important determinants. The first one is determination of stress-strain dependence and the second is monitoring the behavior of materials subjected to a constant stress at constant temperature over time. Experimental results refer to mechanical properties, elastic modulus, total elongations, creep resistance and Charpy V-notch impact energy. Experimental results show that the tensile strength and yield strength of the considered material fall when the temperature rises over 523 K. Significant decrease in value is especially noticeable when the temperature rises over 723 K. In addition, engineering assessment of fracture toughness was made on the basis of Charpy impact energy. It is visible that when temperature raises then impact energy increases very slightly.

Stainless Steels Sintered Form the Mixture of Prealloyed Stainless Steel and Alloying Element Powders

2011 ◽  
Vol 672 ◽  
pp. 165-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zbigniew Brytan ◽  
Marco Actis Grande ◽  
Mario Rosso ◽  
Róbert Bidulský ◽  
L.A. Dobrzański
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Impact Energy ◽  
Stainless Steels ◽  
Charpy Impact ◽  
Charpy Impact Test ◽  
Duplex Stainless Steels ◽  
Vacuum Furnace ◽  
Slow Cooling ◽  
Rapid Cooling ◽  
Plastic Properties

The aim of the presented paper is to describe the sintered duplex stainless steels manufactured in sinter-hardening process and their structural and mechanical properties. Duplex stainless steels were obtained through powder metallurgy starting from austenitic 316L or ferritic 410L prealloyed base powders by controlled addition of alloying elements powder. Prepared mixes were compacted at 700MPa and sintered in a vacuum furnace with argon backfilling at temperature of 1240°C for 1h. After sintering different cooling cycles were applied: rapid cooling (6°C/s) using nitrogen under pressure and slow cooling (0.1°C/s) with furnace in argon atmosphere. Produced sintered duplex stainless steels were studied by scanning and optical microscopy and EDS chemical analysis of microstructure components as well as X-ray analysis. Mechanical properties were studied through tensile and three-point bending tests and Charpy impact test. It was demonstrated that austenitic-ferritic microstructures with regular arrangement of both phases and absence of precipitates can be obtained with properly designed powder mix composition as well as sintering cycle with rapid cooling rate. Produced sintered duplex steels show good mechanical properties which depend on austenite/ferrite ratio in the microstructure and elements partitioning (Cr/Ni) between phases. The optimal mechanical properties were obtained for compositions based on ferritic 410L powder where the balanced distribution of α and γ is present and the tensile strength can reach value about 500MPa with 16% of elongation and impact energy about 120J. The precipitations of hard intermetallic σ-FeCr phase take place when sintering with slow cooling cycle what cause substantial decrease of plastic properties, including reduce of elongation to 7% and in particular decrease of impact energy to 68 J.

Influence of Proposed Hardening Process on Hardness and Toughness of Martensitic Stainless Steel

2017 ◽  
Vol 750 ◽  
pp. 103-106
Author(s):  
Charnnarong Saikaew ◽  
Worakarn Sawatwor
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Impact Energy ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Time Range ◽  
Soaking Time ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Quench Temperature ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Level Of Significance ◽  
The Impact

Many researchers have studied the effects of heat treating processes on mechanical properties, corrosion and wear resistance of various martensitic stainless steels. It is crucial to comprehensively understand the role of heat treating processes on the mechanical properties of the steels with a systematic approach. In this work, the specimens were heat treated by preheating in two steps before continuing the heating to the quench temperature. The first preheating was performed in the furnace maintained at 400 °C for 5 min. The second step was done in the furnace kept at 800 °C for 5 min. Then the specimens were heated directly to the hardening temperature, 1030 °C. The specimens reached 1030 °C for a sufficient time of 30 min to form austenite and to allow enough of the carbides to be dissolved to ensure the desired combination of hardness and toughness. After hardening time was over, the specimens were quenched in water to form martensite for 2-8 s and holding in the air for 4 s, followed with water quenching for 2-8 s and cooling to room temperature. Data was collected in order to perform one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). In this study, the ANOVA consisted of four levels of soaking time of 2, 4, 6 and 8 s and holding time of 4 s. All heat-treated specimens were then used to perform hardness and Charpy-V-Notch impact tests. The results showed that the hardness values increased with increasing of soaking time. The impact energy value slightly decreased with the soaking time range of 2-4 s whereas it rapidly decreased with the soaking time range of 4-6 s and slightly increased with the range of 6-8 s. However, the results from ANOVA showed that the soaking time did not significantly affect the averages hardness and impact energy at the level of significance of 0.05.

Investigation of Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of AA2024 and AA7075

2013 ◽  
Vol 390 ◽  
pp. 547-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.Emre Öksüz ◽  
Hanlar Bağirov ◽  
Mehmet Şimşir ◽  
Ceyhun Karpuzoğlu ◽  
Aykut Özbölük ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Aluminum Alloys ◽  
Fatigue Behavior ◽  
Charpy Impact ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Microstructural Characterization ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Charpy Impact Test ◽  
Complex Shapes ◽  
Alloy 6061

Aluminum alloys have been extensively used as structural material due to its high strength and damage-tolerance. Alloy 6061, 2024 and 7075 are engineered to be lightweight and strong,and their ease of formability allows complex shapes and drawn parts,which can then be further enhanced with heat treating. In this study is aimed to improve the mechanical properties of aluminum alloys by heat treatment.AA2024 and AA7075 were selected and each alone at T3 and T6 temper conditions has been studied respectively.For the mechanical properties of AA2024 and AA7075 alloyshardness, fatigue behavior, tensile test and charpy impact test with standard V notched specimens at RTand-5 °C were analysed in the present study. Microstructural characterization has been done using standard metallography.

scholarly journals Mechanical Properties of Commercial Purity Aluminum Modified by Zirconium Micro-Additives

Crystals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 270
Author(s):  
Ahmad Mostafa ◽  
Wail Adaileh ◽  
Alaa Awad ◽  
Adnan Kilani
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Impact Energy ◽  
Composition Range ◽  
Charpy Impact ◽  
Strain Hardening Exponent ◽  
Phase Assemblage ◽  
Charpy Impact Energy ◽  
Commercial Purity ◽  
Al3zr Particle ◽  
Commercial Purity Aluminum

The mechanical properties and the fractured surfaces of commercial purity aluminum modified by zirconium micro-additives were investigated by means of experimental examination. A commercial purity Al specimen was used as a reference material and seven Al-Zr alloys in the 0.02–0.14 wt.% Zr composition range (with 0.02 wt.% Zr step) were prepared by microalloying methods. Optical microscopy was used to examine the microstructures and to calculate the grain sizes of the prepared specimens. The phase assemblage diagrams were plotted and the relative amounts of solid phases were calculated at room temperature using FactSage thermochemical software and databases. Proof stress, strength coefficient and strain hardening exponent were measured from the stress-strain curves obtained from tensile experiments and Charpy impact energy was calculated for all specimens. The experiments showed that the grain size of commercial purity Al was reduced by adding any Zr concentration in the investigated composition range, which could be due to the nucleation of new grains at Al3Zr particle sites. Accordingly, the microhardness number, tensile properties and Charpy impact energy were improved, owing to the large grain-boundary areas resulted from the refining effect of Zr, which can limit the movement of dislocations in the refined samples. The basic fracture mode in all specimens was ductile, because Al has an FCC structure and remains ductile even at low temperatures. The ductile fractures took place in a transgranular manner as could be concluded from the fractured surface features, which include voids, ridges and cavitation.

Effect of Heat Treatment on Microstructure Evolution and Mechanical Behavior of SKLB3 Alloy

2017 ◽  
Vol 898 ◽  
pp. 380-386
Author(s):  
Wei Yuan ◽  
Dong Mei Liu ◽  
Qiang Song Wang ◽  
Guo Liang Xie
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Impact Energy ◽  
Hot Forging ◽  
Charpy Impact ◽  
Aging Treatment ◽  
Ni Alloy ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
The Impact

In this paper, the effect of heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of hot forging Cu-Ni alloy was studied. Specimens of hot forged Cu-Ni alloy were subjected to first solution treated at 900oC for 2hrs and then aged at different temperatures for 2hrs. The mechanical properties including tensile performance and impact energy, and the microstructure were measured for specimens before and after heat treatment. The results show that both solution and aging treatment have an influence on the grain growth. After heat treatment, the tensile strength decreases very slightly but the yield strength decreases seriously from 235.96MPa to 136.12MPa, while the elongation increases sharply from 36% to 48%. It was also observed that hardness values of the heat-treated alloys are all lower than that of the hot forged alloy. The measurement of Charpy impact energy with V-type notch was performed at 298K and 77K for different specimens. At both temperatures, the impact energies of the specimens are higher than 200J. The microstructure results show that at both temperatures, the alloys are fractured in a ductile mode.

Effect of Heating Rates and Loading Rates on Mechanical Behaviors of Magnesium Alloy

2011 ◽  
Vol 686 ◽  
pp. 63-67
Author(s):  
Bin Chen ◽  
Ji Luo ◽  
Quan Yuan ◽  
Ding Fei Zhang ◽  
Guo Zheng Quan
Keyword(s):  
Magnesium Alloy ◽  
Heating Rate ◽  
Mechanical Response ◽  
Testing System ◽  
High Heating Rate ◽  
Mechanical Behaviors ◽  
Heating Rates ◽  
Loading Rates ◽  
High Heating ◽  
Strength And Plasticity

The mechanical response and failure of the specimens of magnesium alloy AZ61 with different heating rates (HR) and loading rates (LR) were investigated by a Gleeble-1500 thermal-mechanical material testing system. It was found that heating rate has markedly effect on the strength and plasticity of the specimens. The higher the heating rate is, the lower the strength and the smaller of the plasticity of the specimens will be. There is the relatively small effect of the loading rates on the strength and plasticity of the specimens. The metallographs of the failed specimens were also observed. It shows that there are many microvoids in the specimens near the fracture sections. These microvoids may come from the local thermal and stress inconsistency under high heating rate and loading rates and degrade the strength and plasticity of the specimens.

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