Developmental and physiological traits associated with high yield and stay-green phenotype in wheat

2008 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 354 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. T. Christopher ◽  
A. M. Manschadi ◽  
G. L. Hammer ◽  
A. K. Borrell
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Deep Soil ◽  
Stay Green ◽  
Physiological Basis ◽  
Winter Crops ◽  
Significant Yield ◽  
Grain Filling Period

Water availability is a key limiting factor in wheat production in the northern grain belt of Australia. Varieties with improved adaptation to such conditions are actively sought. The CIMMYT wheat line SeriM82 has shown a significant yield advantage in multi-environment screening trials in this region. The objective of this study was to identify the physiological basis of the adaptive traits underpinning this advantage. Six detailed experiments were conducted to compare the growth, development, and yield of SeriM82 with that of the adapted cultivar, Hartog. The experiments were undertaken in field environments that represented the range of moisture availability conditions commonly encountered by winter crops grown on the deep Vertosol soils of this region. The yield of SeriM82 was 6–28% greater than that of Hartog, and SeriM82 exhibited a stay-green phenotype by maintaining green leaf area longer during the grain-filling period in all environments where yield was significantly greater than Hartog. However, where the availability of deep soil moisture was limited, SeriM82 failed to exhibit significantly greater yield or to express the stay-green phenotype. Thus, the stay-green phenotype was closely associated with the yield advantage of SeriM82. SeriM82 also exhibited higher mean grain mass than Hartog in all environments. It is suggested that small differences in water use before anthesis, or greater water extraction from depth after anthesis, could underlie the stay-green phenotype. The inability of SeriM82 to exhibit stay-green and higher yield where deep soil moisture was depleted indicates that extraction of deep soil moisture is important.

Traits associated with high yield in barley in low-rainfall environments

1991 ◽  
Vol 116 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Acevedo ◽  
P. Q. Craufurd ◽  
R. B. Austin ◽  
P. Pérez-Marco
Keyword(s):  
Plant Traits ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Tall Stature ◽  
Physiological Basis ◽  
Grain Filling Period

SUMMARYResults are reported from nine field trials carried out in 1985/86 and 1986/87 aimed at identifying plant traits which are associated with high yield in barley in low-rainfall Mediterranean areas. Thirtyseven two-rowed and 35 six-rowed genotypes, representing the known diversity in traits considered to be useful, were compared in trials at three sites differing in expected annual rainfall (212–328 mm) in northern Syria, and in droughted and irrigated trials at Cambridge, UK. Yield, its components and other morphological and developmental traits were measured and correlations calculated.Grain yields of the two- and six-rowed groups of genotypes were similar at all sites except in the irrigated trial in Cambridge, where the six-rowed genotypes gave the highest yield. Aside from the known difference in number of ears and number of grains/ear between two- and six-rowed genotypes, the simple correlations between grain yield and measured traits suggested that important traits for high yield in two- and six-rowed genotypes in dry environments were prostrate habit, vigorous seedling growth, good ground cover, early ear emergence, many ears/m2 and large grains. In the two-rowed genotypes, short stature and a short grain-filling period were also important, while in the six-rowed genotypes, tall stature, high straw yield, many grains/ear and long peduncles were important. Correlations of these characters with an index of drought susceptibility and with yield adjusted for yield potential and date of ear emergence supported the conclusions based on the simple correlations.The physiological basis of the correlated traits is discussed and the implications for breeding are considered.

The physiological genetic effects of 1BL/1RS translocated chromosome in "stay green" wheat cultivar CN17

2009 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. G. Luo ◽  
H. Y. Zhang ◽  
K. Shu ◽  
X. H. Wu ◽  
H. Q. Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Cultivar ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Sink Strength ◽  
Photosynthetic Parameters ◽  
Stay Green ◽  
Physiological Basis ◽  
Chromosome Arm ◽  
High Yield Potential

Rye (Secale cereale L.) chromosome arm 1RS in the wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genetic background has potential significance for yield improvement without affecting its resistance to several diseases. A new wheat cultivar, Chuannong17 (CN17), carrying the wheat-rye 1BL/1RS translocated chromosome, exhibited “stay green” phenotypes. To determine the genetic behavior and physiological effect, MY11, CN17, BC1F1, and F2 populations of MY11/CN17 were grown in the normal wheat growing seasons in 2004–2005 and 2005–2006. Analysis of photosynthetic parameters showed that the coordinate increase of net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs) and flag leaf area duration from anthesis to maturation (D2) would be the physiological basis of the high yield potential of the 1BL/1RS translocation (CN17). The analysis for morphological indices proposed that the smaller leaf length (Ll), flag leaf width (Lw) and angle between stem and flag leaf (A) would be responsible for the morphological basis of the high yield potential. Analysis of the relationship between the yield and physiological indices suggested that the coordinate increase of source, the partitioning of assimilate from source to sink, and the sink strength was the material basis of the high yield potential. These results afforded some persuasive evidence to support the idea that wheat cultivar CN17 also shows a coordinate relationship between physiology and morphology and is indeed functionally a “stay green” cultivar. The results show that exploitation of a foreign chromosome or chromosome arm such as 1RS to develop “stay green” genotype cultivars in wheat breeding has the potential to increase yields. Key words: 1BL/1RS translocated chromosome, photosynthesis, physiological genetic effect, stay green, wheat

scholarly journals Relationship Between the Vascular Bundle Structure of Panicle Branches and the Filling of Inferior Spikelets in Large-Panicle Japonica Rice

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cuicui You ◽  
Hui Wang ◽  
Yaru Huang ◽  
Peng Xu ◽  
Liquan Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Bundle ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Japonica Rice ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Filling Stage ◽  
Inferior Spikelets ◽  
Companion Cells ◽  
Grain Filling Period

The vascular bundles of rice panicles serve to connect the source and the sink, as well as serving as a channel for the transportation of materials. In this study, two homozygous japonica rice strains were used as materials. The vascular bundle structures of the branches in different positions within a rice panicle were observed, and their cross-sectional areas were calculated. In addition, the ultrastructure of the central large vascular bundle (LVB) phloem in the rachillae of superior spikelets (SS) and inferior spikelets (IS) was observed during the grain filling period. Moreover, the soluble sugar and protein contents of the SS and IS rachillae were also measured to study whether the differences in the structure of vascular bundles of the branches were related to the plumpness of grain at different positions. The results showed that vascular bundle cross-sectional areas of the basal primary branches were greater than those in the upper primary branches. Moreover, there was little difference in the areas of vascular bundles between the basal secondary branches and upper secondary branches. However, the vascular bundle areas of the IS rachillae were lower than those in the SS rachillae. Therefore, we believe that the poor vascular tissue channel of the IS rachillae could be the limiting factor in IS plumpness. The results also showed that a similar time course in the degradation pattern of some organelles of the sieve elements and companion cells in central LVB was observed in the SS rachillae and IS rachillae during the grain filling period. Compared with the IS rachillae, more abundant mitochondria and plasmodesmata were found in the companion cells of SS rachillae at the beginning of the filling stage, while no significant differences between SS and IS rachillae were identified at the middle and late filling stages, which implies that the SS rachillae were relatively more effective at transportation compared with the IS rachillae at the initial filling stage. Therefore, the undeveloped vascular bundles of the IS rachillae and their poor physiology and lack of ability to transport at the initial filling stages could be the limiting factor in IS plumpness.

scholarly journals Post-Anthesis Drought Management in Late-Shown Wheat (Triticum aestivum)

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 131-140
Author(s):  
Pramod Bhari ◽  
Shrawan K Sah
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Animal Science ◽  
Yield Attributes ◽  
Seed Rate ◽  
Grain Filling Period

Post anthesis drought is common problem in late sown wheat, which reduces crop yield. A field experiment was conducted at Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science (IAAS), Rampur in 2005/06 to find out the effect of irrigation, seed rate and mulch on soil moisture content and productivity of late sown wheat. Irrigation applied at crown root initiation CRI and heading stage significantly increased moisture content at 80 days after sowing, grain filling period (GFP) and crop duration period (CDP), thousand grain weight, grain yield and harvest index. Higher seed rate was non significant on yield attributes and yield. Soil moisture content at 30, 80 and 95 days after sowing, vegetative growth period (VGP) and crop duration period, and grain yield were significantly higher in mulched plot than non mulched plot. Irrigation at reproductive stage and mulch were effective in increasing yield of late sown wheat.

Evaluation of soil moisture in CMIP6 simulations

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-55
Author(s):  
Liang Qiao ◽  
Zhiyan Zuo ◽  
Dong Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Coupled Model ◽  
Cold Season ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Reanalysis Data ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
The Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Frozen Ground ◽  
Deep Soil

AbstractThis study employs multiple reanalysis datasets to evaluate the global shallow and deep soil moisture in Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6) simulations. The multi-model ensemble mean produces generally reasonable simulations for overall climatology, wet and dry centers, and annual peaks in the melt season at mid-high latitudes and the rainy season at low latitudes. The simulation capability for shallow soil moisture depends on the relationship between soil moisture and the difference between precipitation and evaporation (P–E). Although most models produce effective simulations in regions where soil moisture is significantly related to the P–E (e.g., Europe, low-latitude Asia, and the Southern Hemisphere), considerable discrepancies between simulated conditions and reanalysis data occur at high elevations and latitudes (e.g., Siberia and the Tibetan Plateau), where cold season processes play a driving role in soil moisture variability. These discrepancies reflect the lack of information concerning the thaw of snow and frozen ground in the reanalyzed data and the inability of models to simulate these processes. The models also perform poorly in areas of extreme aridity. On a global scale, the majority of models provide consistent and capable simulations owing to the minimal variability in deep soil moisture and limited observational information in reanalysis data. Models with higher spatial resolution do not exhibit closer agreement with the reanalysis data, indicating that spatial resolution is not the first limiting factor for CMIP6 soil moisture simulations.

scholarly journals Genotype × environment interaction for morphological and quality traits of wheat varieties under different nitrogen regimes in the foothills of Shivalik range of Himalayas

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 1770-1774
Author(s):  
Meenakshi Uniyal ◽  
J. P. Jaiswal ◽  
Birendra Prasad ◽  
Rishi Pal Gangwar
Keyword(s):  
Grain Filling ◽  
Nitrogen Efficiency ◽  
Environment Interaction ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Stay Green ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
N Efficiency ◽  
Stable Variety ◽  
Grain Filling Period ◽  
Crop Research

Variation among twelve winter wheat varieties with respect to N efficiency (NE) were assessed in field trial planned as per factorial experimental design (two years × three nitrogen doses × twelve genotypes) in which treatments were randomized in three replications under three nitrogen levels (control, 150, 250 kg/ha) for two successive years at N. E. Borlaug Crop Research Center, Pantnagar. Stability analysis of nitrogen efficiency contributing traits was performed using mean performance, linear regression and the deviation from regression. No single genotype performed well enough for all the traits under study. QLD 33, HD 2967 and QLD 39 were stable for root length showing good performance for nitrogen uptake. HD 3112 was most stable variety for most of the characters whereas, QLD 33 was found to perform best under higher levels of nitrogen fertilisation, thus, not efficient enough. But, QLD 33 showed delayed maturity which could be linked with an increase in grain yield thus, it could be said that functional stay green phenotypes should increase the grain filling period and boost yield.

EFFECTS OF PHOTOPERIOD AND TEMPERATURE ON VEGETATIVE AND REPRODUCTIVE GROWTH OF A MAIZE (ZEA MAYS) HYBRID

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 1127-1133 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. B. HUNTER ◽  
M. TOLLENAAR ◽  
C. M. BREUER
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Temperature Treatment ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Grain Filling Period ◽  
Temperature Interaction ◽  
Lower Temperature ◽  
Vegetative And Reproductive Growth

A single-cross maize (Zea mays L.) hybrid was grown to maturity in the four combinations of two temperatures, 20 and 30 C, and two photoperiods, 10 and 20 h, in controlled-environment growth cabinets. Measurements of dry weights of plant components were made at tassel initiation, mid-anthesis, mid-anthesis plus 16 days, and maturity. The longer photoperiod and cooler temperature treatment produced the highest final plant dry weight. Average daily dry matter (DM) production was greater for plants grown at the longer photoperiod. This could largely be attributed to a higher leaf area per plant. The duration of DM production was longer at the cooler temperature. Grain yields were higher under the lower temperature because of an increase in the length of the grain-filling period and because a greater proportion of the post-anthesis DM was allocated to the grain. The results of this study showed a significant photoperiod × temperature interaction for length of the grain-filling period, kernel number and grain yield. Post-anthesis DM accumulation did not appear to be a limiting factor for grain yield. The effects of temperature and photoperiod on length of the grain-filling period and grain yield may have been partly mediated through the size of the grain sink.

Population-specific quantitative trait loci mapping for functional stay-green trait in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Genome ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 235-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin-Dong Fu ◽  
Yong-Feng Yan ◽  
Moon Young Kim ◽  
Suk-Ha Lee ◽  
Byun-Woo Lee
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Quantitative Trait ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Parental Line ◽  
Stay Green ◽  
Spad Value ◽  
Trait Locus ◽  
Grain Filling Period

The functional stay-green trait gives leaves a longer duration of greenness and photosynthetic capacity during the grain-filling period. We developed two independent recombinant inbred line populations from the intra- and intersubspecific crosses of Oryza sativa L. subsp. japonica ‘Suweon490’ (japonica) × O. sativa subsp. japonica ‘SNU-SG1’ (japonica) and O. sativa subsp. indica ‘Andabyeo’ (indica) × O. sativa subsp. japonica ‘SNU-SG1’ (japonica), respectively. The common parental line ‘SNU-SG1’ was the functional source for the stay-green trait. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping based on simple sequence repeat markers identified a total of six QTLs associated with two stay-green traits across two populations. The two traits were cumulative chlorophyll content (SPAD value) of flag leaf (CSFL) and total cumulative SPAD value of the four upper leaves (TCS). Four QTLs, tcs4, csfl6, csfl9 (or tcs9), and csfl12, located on chromosomes 4, 6, 9, and 12, respectively, were detected simultaneously in both populations. The remaining two QTLs, csfl2 (or tcs2) and tcs5, on chromosomes 2 and 5, respectively, were found to be population specific. Moreover, the functional stay-green trait of ‘SNU-SG1’ positively correlated with grain yield performance. Two yield QTLs, yld6 and yld9, on chromosomes 6 and 9 found in both populations were positioned at the same locations with the csfl6 and tcs9 QTLs for stay-green traits. Thus, the identified chromosomal regions can be promising targets of marker-assisted introgression of the functional stay-green trait into breeding materials for improvement of rice yield.

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