Role of mucilage in germination of Dillenia indica (Dilleniaceae) seeds

2008 ◽  
Vol 56 (7) ◽  
pp. 583 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramesh C. Thapliyal ◽  
Shyam S. Phartyal ◽  
Jerry M. Baskin ◽  
Carol C. Baskin
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Seed Coat ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
Light Requirement ◽  
Dark Regime ◽  
Dillenia Indica ◽  
Seed Coat Mucilage ◽  
Heavy Rains ◽  
Morphological Dormancy

Dillenia indica Linn. is a nearly evergreen tree widely distributed in South-east Asia. Regeneration is by seeds borne within large indehiscent fruits. When extracted fresh, seeds are glued together by the sticky mucilage on the seedcoat. Mucilage anchors seeds during rains, thus preventing them from escaping the fruit. Mucilage does not promote or inhibit germination, but it does restrict the inflow of water into seeds during the initial stages of imbibition. In nature, seeds germinate (within fruits) in July–August following heavy rains that wash off most of the mucilage. Light had a significant effect on germination: a 12/12 h light/dark regime resulted in more and faster germination than when seeds were incubated in total darkness. Seeds exhibited one flush of germination within fruits and another flush in the laboratory following extraction, drying and rehydration, suggesting the occurrence of two physiological types of seeds with regard to light requirement for germination. The embryo of D. indica is underdeveloped, and seeds take ~30 days to germinate under appropriate conditions. Thus, the seeds have morphological dormancy (MD). The possible roles of seed-coat mucilage and light in the germination biology of D. indica seeds in nature are discussed.

scholarly journals Tropospheric CO vertical profiles measured by IAGOS aircraft in 2002–2017 and the role of biomass burning

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-41
Author(s):  
Hervé Petetin ◽  
Bastien Sauvage ◽  
Mark Parrington ◽  
Hannah Clark ◽  
Alain Fontaine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
South India ◽  
Long Range Transport ◽  
Anthropogenic Emissions ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
Vertical Profiles ◽  
Range Transport

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> This study investigates the role of biomass burning and long-range transport in the anomalies of carbon monoxide (CO) regularly observed along the tropospheric vertical profiles measured in the framework of IAGOS. Considering the high interannual variability of biomass burning emissions and the episodic nature of pollution long-range transport, one strength of this study is the amount of data taken into account, namely 30,000 vertical profiles at 9 clusters of airports in Europe, North America, Asia, India and southern Africa over the period 2002&amp;ndash;2017. </p> <p> As a preliminary, a brief overview of the spatio-temporal variability, latitudinal distribution, interannual variability and trends of biomass burning CO emissions from 14 regions is provided. The distribution of CO mixing ratios at different levels of the troposphere is also provided based on the entire IAGOS database (125 million CO observations). </p> <p> This study focuses on the free troposphere (altitudes above 2<span class="thinspace"></span>km) where the long-range transport of pollution is favoured. Anomalies at a given airport cluster are here defined as departures from the local seasonally-averaged climatological vertical profile. The intensity of these anomalies varies significantly depending on the airport, with maximum (minimum) CO anomalies of 110&amp;ndash;150 (48)<span class="thinspace"></span>ppbv in Asia (Europe). Looking at the seasonal variation of the frequency of occurrence, the 25<span class="thinspace"></span>% strongest CO anomalies appears reasonably well distributed along the year, in contrast to the 5<span class="thinspace"></span>% or 1<span class="thinspace"></span>% strongest anomalies that exhibit a strong seasonality with for instance more frequent anomalies during summertime in northern United-States, during winter/spring in Japan, during spring in South-east China, during the non-monsoon seasons in south-east Asia and south India, and during summer/fall at Windhoek, Namibia. Depending on the location, these strong anomalies are observed in different parts of the free troposphere. </p> <p> In order to investigate the role of biomass burning emissions in these anomalies, we used the SOFT-IO v1.0 IAGOS added-value products that consist of FLEXPART 20-days backward simulations along all IAGOS aircraft trajectories, coupled with anthropogenic (MACCity) and biomass burning (GFAS) CO emission inventories and vertical injections. SOFT-IO estimates the contribution (in ppbv) of the recent (less than 20 days) primary worldwide CO emissions, tagged per source region. Biomass burning emissions are found to play an important role in the strongest CO anomalies observed at most airport clusters. The regional tags indicate a large contribution from boreal regions at airport clusters in Europe and North America during summer season. In both Japan and south India, the anthropogenic emissions dominate all along the year, except for the strongest summertime anomalies observed in Japan that are due to Siberian fires. The strongest CO anomalies at airport clusters located in south-east Asia are induced by fires burning during spring in south-east Asia and during fall in equatorial Asia. In southern Africa, the Windhoek airport was mainly impacted by fires in southern hemisphere Africa and South America. </p> <p> To our knowledge, no other studies have used such a large dataset of in situ vertical profiles for deriving a climatology of the impact of biomass burning versus anthropogenic emissions on the strongest CO anomalies observed in the troposphere, in combination with information on the source regions. This study therefore provides both qualitative and quantitative information for interpreting the highly variable CO vertical distribution in several regions of interest.</p>

South East Asia in Conditions of World Financial and Econommic Crisis

2010 ◽  
pp. 38-46
Author(s):  
E. Kanaev ◽  
A. Kurilko
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Financial Crisis ◽  
East Asia ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
Structural Reforms ◽  
Domestic Consumption ◽  
Communication Partners ◽  
Detailed Specification ◽  
Asean Countries

The 1997–1998 financial crisis brought the issue of necessity to implement deep structural reforms to the agenda in South-East Asia countries. Domestic consumption encouragement, increase of cooperation between different countries' real sectors of economy and strengthening the role of the ASEAN countries in both anti-crisis arrangements and arriving at consensus on interaction with communication partners became focus areas. The detailed specification of measures assumed by particular countries of the region to mitigate crisis effects, stabilize economy and formulate a strategy of economic growth is presented in the article.

scholarly journals Reversal of Fortune or Continued Misery? Ulbe Bosma's Making of a Periphery Reviewed

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 495-505
Author(s):  
Elise van Nederveen Meerkerk
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
Global Comparison ◽  
Successful Attempt ◽  
Reversal Of Fortune

AbstractWith his latest book, The Making of a Periphery, Ulbe Bosma makes a successful attempt to “decompress history”. Apart from praising his work, I want to offer two critical comments and a suggestion for global comparison. First, I argue that the role of colonialism/imperialism is somewhat downplayed in the book. Second, although I am impressed by the vast body of literature cited, I believe that at several instances the book might have benefited from its arguments being underpinned by more solid empirical quantitative data. Finally, I raise the question how unique the “plantation economies” of Island South East Asia actually were, which also implies a suggestion for further research along the lines of Bosma's impressive monograph.

The role of small-holder seed supply in commercial mariculture in South-east Asia

Aquaculture ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 495 ◽  
pp. 912-918 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mardiana E. Fachry ◽  
Ketut Sugama ◽  
Michael A. Rimmer
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
Seed Supply ◽  
Small Holder

Popular Culture and the Qur’an

2020 ◽  
pp. 577-591
Author(s):  
Bruce Lawrence
Keyword(s):  
Popular Culture ◽  
West Africa ◽  
East Asia ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
Central Question ◽  
Language Access ◽  
Oral Cultures ◽  
Temporal And Spatial

Assessing the multiple ways the temporal and spatial boundaries of the Qur’an have been expanded through the interaction with culture, this chapter sets out to probe the reciprocal but also ambiguous relationship between the Qur’an and popular culture. It attempts to address the central question of how does a bound book in period-specific Arabic become a universal source of mercy in multiple dialects of Arabic but also in multiple non-Arabic languages, as also for oral cultures, semi-literate populations, and non-elite groups, all of whom draw upon and relate to its divine aura? Issues of language access/privilege, literacy in multiple registers, and the post-Enlightenment, colonial triad of reason/belief/magic—all have to be examined with attention to the central role of the Qur’an as both vehicle and transformer of popular culture, for Muslims and non-Muslims, from West Africa to South-East Asia.

Pandemic expands role of South-east Asian philanthropy

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
East Asia ◽  
East Asian ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Non Profit ◽  
Economic Distress ◽  
Severe Recession ◽  
Private Philanthropy

Subject Private philanthropy. Significance In South-east Asia, as elsewhere, there is growing pressure on civil society, from non-profit organisations to corporations, to help address the economic distress and social dislocation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Impacts Despite government and philanthropic efforts, South-east Asia is expected to experience a severe recession. A rise in philanthropy by religious organisations will fuel religious polarisation and the risk of violence post-crisis. Indonesia’s non-profit sector will likely experience a particularly sharp funding dip as foreign donations fall.

scholarly journals LEGAL ASPECT OF ONLINE ARBITRATION IN EUROPEAN UNION AND CHINA

Law Review ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 222
Author(s):  
Manja Indah Sari
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Dispute Resolution ◽  
Legal Aspect ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
Role Of Government ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Dispute Resolution Mechanism ◽  
Online Arbitration

<p>Indonesia is highly regarded as a country with the biggest e-commerce market in South-East Asia. This creates an urgency for the Indonesian government to offer an efficient and effective dispute resolution mechanism to settle dispute arising from e-commerce transaction. Online arbitration as an arbitration conducted online through means of internet and technology may provide solution to the disputes arising from e-commerce transactions. Thus, this article sets out the legal aspect of online arbitration in European Union and China as countries with the most developed online arbitration and largest market of e-commerce. The author will use normative research through comparative, statue approach and will be based on the regulations from primary and secondary resources.</p><p>            This article compares six aspects of online arbitration in European Union and China, covering the arbiter, role of government, scope, procedure, enforcement, and factors affecting enforcement. The comparison may give further recommendation on the prospective of online arbitration in Indonesia.</p>

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