scholarly journals The significance and vulnerability of Australian saltmarshes: implications for management in a changing climate

2013 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil Saintilan ◽  
Kerrylee Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Services Research ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Migratory Shorebirds ◽  
Sporobolus Virginicus ◽  
Past Half Century ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Hard Structures ◽  
Flexible Management

We review the distribution, status and ecology of Australian saltmarshes and the mechanisms whereby enhanced atmospheric carbon dioxide and associated climate change have influenced and will influence the provision of ecosystem goods and services. Research in temperate and subtropical saltmarsh has demonstrated important trophic contributions to estuarine fisheries, mediated by the synchronised mass-spawning of crabs, which feed predominantly on the C4 saltmarsh grass Sporobolus virginicus and microphytobenthos. Saltmarshes also provide unique feeding and habitat opportunities for several species of threatened microbats and birds, including migratory shorebirds. Saltmarshes increased in extent relative to mangrove in Australia in both tide- and wave-dominated geomorphic settings through the latter Holocene, although historic trends have seen a reversal of this trend. Australian saltmarshes have some capacity to maintain elevation with respect to rising sea level, although in south-eastern Australia, the encroachment of mangrove and, in Tasmania, conversion of shrubland to herbfield in the past half-century are consistent with changes in relative sea level. Modelling of the impacts of projected sea-level rise, incorporating sedimentation and other surface-elevation drivers, suggests that the survival of saltmarsh in developed estuaries will depend on the flexible management of hard structures and other impediments to wetland retreat.

Evidence of High Sea Level during Isotope Stage 5c in Queensland, Australia

1985 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Pickett ◽  
C. H. Thompson ◽  
R. A. Kelley ◽  
D. Roman
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
New South ◽  
Good Condition ◽  
Coastal Dunes ◽  
Intertidal Sediments ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Maximum Period ◽  
High Dune

Thirty-nine species of scleractinian corals have been recovered from under a high dune on the western (mainland) side of North Stradbroke Island, eastern Australia. The corals are associated with thin intertidal sediments and their good condition implies burial in situ and preservation in a saturated zone. Most likely this occurred as the coast prograded and a large dune advanced into the littoral zone, burying intertidal sediments and coral. The species assemblage indicates a sheltered environment but one open to the ocean without wide fluctuations in salinity. Three species yielded a mean 230Th/234U age of 105,000 yr B.P. which is significantly younger than the nearest Pleistocene corals at Evans Head, New South Wales. The corals provide evidence of a sea stand near present sea level during isotope Stage 5c, which is considerably higher than previously suggested for this period. Their good condition implies that the overlying parabolic dune is of comparable age and formed during that high stand of sea level. Also, the isotope age provides a maximum period for the development of giant podzols in the podzol chronosequences on coastal dunes in southern Queensland.

scholarly journals LARGE-SCALE LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS AND NUMERICAL MODELING OF WAVE FORCE AND PRESSURE ACTING ON THE URBAN STRUCTURES

2020 ◽  
pp. 28
Author(s):  
Dayeon Lee ◽  
Sungwon Shin ◽  
Hyoungsu Park ◽  
Dan Cox
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Wave Force ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Coastal Communities ◽  
Submerged Breakwater ◽  
Sea Levels ◽  
Urban Structures ◽  
Overland Flows ◽  
Hard Structures

Low lying coastal communities are most vulnerable to the flooding which causes from sea-level rise (SLR), and extreme coastal flooding events such as hurricanes and tsunami. Notably, the high elevation of sea-levels due to SLR and local tidal conditions could accelerate the damages on the coastal communities. Hard coastal structures such as a submerged breakwater and seawall would consider minimizing the impacts of overland flows to the urban area from the extreme coastal events, but the effectiveness of those hard structures are significantly alter depending on the various waves and sea-level conditions.Recorded Presentation from the vICCE (YouTube Link): https://youtu.be/GCOOpB4C3tA

scholarly journals Pliocene Ice Sheet Modelling Intercomparison Project (PLISMIP) – experimental design

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 963-974 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Dolan ◽  
S. J. Koenig ◽  
D. J. Hill ◽  
A. M. Haywood ◽  
R. M. DeConto
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Ice Sheets ◽  
Ice Sheet ◽  
Warm Period ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Intercomparison Project ◽  
Ice Sheet Modelling

Abstract. During the mid-Pliocene warm period (3.264 to 3.025 million years ago), global mean temperature was similar to that predicted for the next century and atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations were slightly higher than today. Sea level was also higher than today, implying a reduction in the extent of the ice sheets. Thus, the mid-Pliocene warm period (mPWP) provides a unique testing ground to investigate the stability of the Earth's ice sheets and their contribution to sea level in a warmer-than-modern world. Climate models and ice sheet models can be used to enhance our understanding of ice sheet stability; however, uncertainties associated with different ice-sheet modelling frameworks mean that a rigorous comparison of numerical ice sheet model simulations for the Pliocene is essential. As an extension to the Pliocene Model Intercomparison Project (PlioMIP; Haywood et al., 2010, 2011a), the Pliocene Ice Sheet Modelling Intercomparison Project (PLISMIP) will provide the first assessment as to the ice sheet model dependency of ice sheet predictions for the mPWP. Here we outline the PLISMIP experimental design and initialisation conditions that have been adopted to simulate the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets under present-day and warm mid-Pliocene conditions. Not only will this project provide a new benchmark in the simulation of ice sheets in a past warm period, but the analysis of model sensitivity to various uncertainties could directly inform future predictions of ice sheet and sea level change.

Polyploidy in Sporobolus virginicus (L.) Kunth

1979 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 429 ◽  
Author(s):  
AR Smith-White
Keyword(s):  
Salt Marsh ◽  
Chromosome Number ◽  
Meiotic Division ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Meiotic Behaviour ◽  
Polyploid Complex ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Sporobolus Virginicus ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Tetraploid Cytotypes

Chromosome number and meiotic behaviour was examined in Sporobolus virginicus Kunth from south-eastern Australia. Var. minor Bail. forms a polyploid complex with diploid (2n = 20), triploid and tetraploid cytotypes. Meiosis in tetraploid plants of this variety is substantially normal, which indicates an alloploid origin. Var. virginicus, which has been found only in the tetraploid state, has irregular meiotic division, which suggests autoploidy. Most cytotypes were collected from sandy and well-drained situations along the coast. However, tetraploid var. minor plants were generally found in poorly aerated salt marsh swamps. This apparent edaphic adaption of tetraploid cytotypes may be important in explaining distribution patterns.

The El Nino-Southern Oscillation in south-eastern Australian waters

1991 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 263 ◽  
Author(s):  
WW Hsieh ◽  
BV Hamon
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Coastal Upwelling ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Geostrophic Wind ◽  
Air Pressure ◽  
Ekman Transport ◽  
Hydrographic Data ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
South Eastern Australia

Using four decades of hydrographic data collected off the coast near Sydney, New South Wales, and sea-level data at Sydney, we studied the interannual variability in south-eastern Australian shelf waters. The first two empirical orthogonal function (EOF) modes of the band-pass-filtered 50-m-depth hydrographic data (temperature, T; salinity, S; nitrate, N; inorganic phosphate, P; and oxygen, O) and the sea level (SL) and adjusted sea level (ASL) data accounted respectively for 51 and 27% of the total variance. Both modes were significantly correlated with the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI). The first mode, with T, S, O and ASL varying in opposition to N and P, represented the internal or baroclinic response, associated with vertical displacements of the isopycnals. The second mode, with large in-phase fluctuations in SL and ASL but small changes in the hydrographic variables, represented mainly the external or barotropic response during the El Niiio-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Three-year composites centred around seven ENSO warm episodes revealed that T, S, O and ASL were generally low and N, P, SL and SO1 were high in the year before each ENSO warm episode, but the former group rose while the latter group dropped in the year of the warm episode. The changes in the hydrographic variables at 50 m depth were consistent with relatively shallow isopycnals in the year before the ENSO warm episode, followed by a deepening of the isopycnals during the warm episode. Estimates of this downward displacement of isopycnals, as determined from T, N, P and O, were in the range 7-10 m. The geostrophic wind arising from the pressure fluctuations during ENSO is proposed as a probable cause for the vertical displacement of the isopycnals. In the year before the warm episode, the low air pressure over Australia would produce a clockwise geostrophic wind around south-eastern Australia, generating offshore Ekman transport and coastal upwelling. During the warm episode, air pressure over Australia rises, the geostrophic wind reverses, and downward movement of the isopycnals would occur off south-eastern Australia.

Luxury Business

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre-Yves Donzé ◽  
Rika Fujioka
Keyword(s):  
Brand Management ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Value Chains ◽  
Grey Zone ◽  
Luxury Brands ◽  
Services Research ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Clear Idea

The luxury business has been one of the fastest growing industries since the late 1990s. Despite numerous publications in management and business history, it is still difficult to have a clear idea of what “luxury” is, what the characteristics of this business are, and what the dynamics of the industry are. With no consensus on the definition of luxury among scholars and authors, the concept thus requires discussion. Luxury is commonly described as the high-end market segment, but the delimitation of the lower limit of this segment and its differentiation from common consumer goods are rather ambiguous. Authors use different terminology to describe products in this grey zone (such as “accessible luxury,” “new luxury,” and “prestige brands”). Despite the ambiguous definition of “luxury,” various companies have described their own businesses in this way, and consumers perceive them as producers of luxury goods and services. Research on luxury business has focused mostly on four topics: (1) the evolution of its industrial organization since the 1980s (the emergence of large conglomerates such as Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton SE or LVMH, and the reorganization of small and medium-sized enterprises); (2) production systems (the introduction of European companies into global value chains, and the role of country of origin labels and counterfeiting); (3) brand management (using heritage and tradition to build luxury brands); and (4) access to consumers (customization versus standardization). Lastly, new marketing communication strategies have recently been adopted by companies, namely customer relations via social media and the creation of online communities.

scholarly journals The Elusive Quest for Valuation of Coastal and Marine Ecosystem Services

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1518 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Walter Milon ◽  
Sergio Alvarez
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Marine Ecosystem ◽  
Economic Valuation ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
Services Research ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Geophysical Processes ◽  
Marine Ecosystem Services ◽  
Policy And Planning

Coastal and marine ecosystem (CME) services provide benefits to people through direct goods and services that may be harvested or enjoyed in situ and indirect services that regulate and support biological and geophysical processes now and in the future. In the past two decades, there has been an increase in the number of studies and journal articles designed to measure the economic value of the world’s CME services, although there is significantly less published research than for terrestrial ecosystems. This article provides a review of the literature on valuation of CME services along with a discussion of the theoretical and practical challenges that must be overcome to utilize valuation results in CME policy and planning at local, regional, and global scales. The review reveals that significant gaps exist in research and understanding of the broad range of CME services and their economic values. It also raises questions about the validity of aggregating ecosystem services as independent components to determine the value of a biome when there is little understanding of the relationships and feedbacks between ecosystems and the services they produce. Finally, the review indicates that economic valuation of CME services has had a negligible impact on the policy process in four main regions around the world. An alternative direction for CME services research would focus on valuing the world’s CME services in a wealth accounting framework.

scholarly journals Using results from the PlioMIP ensemble to investigate the Greenland Ice Sheet during the mid-Pliocene Warm Period

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 403-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Dolan ◽  
S. J. Hunter ◽  
D. J. Hill ◽  
A. M. Haywood ◽  
S. J. Koenig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Ice Sheets ◽  
Ice Sheet ◽  
Greenland Ice Sheet ◽  
Warm Period ◽  
Global Mean Temperature ◽  
Model Dependency

Abstract. During an interval of the Late Pliocene, referred to here as the mid-Pliocene Warm Period (mPWP; 3.264 to 3.025 million years ago), global mean temperature was similar to that predicted for the end of this century, and atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations were higher than pre-industrial levels. Sea level was also higher than today, implying a significant reduction in the extent of the ice sheets. Thus, the mPWP provides a natural laboratory in which to investigate the long-term response of the Earth's ice sheets and sea level in a warmer-than-present-day world. At present, our understanding of the Greenland ice sheet during the mPWP is generally based upon predictions using single climate and ice sheet models. Therefore, it is essential that the model dependency of these results is assessed. The Pliocene Model Intercomparison Project (PlioMIP) has brought together nine international modelling groups to simulate the warm climate of the Pliocene. Here we use the climatological fields derived from the results of the 15 PlioMIP climate models to force an offline ice sheet model. We show that mPWP ice sheet reconstructions are highly dependent upon the forcing climatology used, with Greenland reconstructions ranging from an ice-free state to a near-modern ice sheet. An analysis of the surface albedo variability between the climate models over Greenland offers insights into the drivers of inter-model differences. As we demonstrate that the climate model dependency of our results is high, we highlight the necessity of data-based constraints of ice extent in developing our understanding of the mPWP Greenland ice sheet.

A Review of Age Determinations on Pleistocene Corals in Eastern Australia

1989 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 392-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.W. Pickett ◽  
T.L. Ku ◽  
C.H. Thompson ◽  
D. Roman ◽  
R.A. Kelley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
The Third ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Age Determinations

AbstractSamples of corals from all three previously reported Pleistocene localities in eastern Australia have been dated anew using the 230Th/234U technique. Results for two sites are confirmed, but the new results for the third site are older than previously reported and do not support a high sea level for isotope substage 5c. All sites are now referred to substage 5e.

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