Adverbs in the Austronesian languages of Taiwan

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-109
Author(s):  
Paul Jen-kuei Li
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Item ◽  
Personal Pronouns ◽  
Austronesian Languages ◽  
Main Verb ◽  
Aspect Markers ◽  
Chinese And English

Abstract This is a study of adverbs in nine typologically divergent Austronesian languages of Taiwan, Atayal, Bunun, Favorlang, Kavalan, Puyuma, Rukai, Saisiyat, Thao, and Tsou. There are only a few adverbs in each of these languages. The form of an adverb is usually invariant and its position in a sentence is relatively free. On the contrary, the form of a verb usually varies and its position in the sentence is usually fixed. Since the function of an adverb is to modify a verb, it may not occur without a verb in a sentence, whereas a true verb may occur without any other verb. Many adverbial concepts in Chinese and English, such as ‘all’, ‘only’, ‘often’, and ‘again’, are expressed using verbs that manifest different foci and take aspect markers. When these words function as the main verb in the sentence, they may attract bound personal pronouns in many Austronesian languages of Taiwan. However, there are a few genuine adverbs in each of these languages. It varies from language to language whether a certain lexical item functions as a verb or adverb.

Between feature mapping and thematic prominence: Old english se-demonstratives and pronouns in discourse

2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 573-617
Author(s):  
Rafał Jurczyk
Keyword(s):  
Old English ◽  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Lexical Item ◽  
Semantic Relations ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Feature Mapping ◽  
Personal Pronouns

Abstract Old English se-demonstratives (which usually trace less salient referents) and personal pronouns (usually continuing previous topics) have frequently been taken to share a common pronominal property (e.g. Breban 2012; Epstein 2011; van Gelderen 2013, 2011; Kiparsky 2002; Howe 1996). This assumption holds despite their non-overlapping distribution which still remains a puzzle (cf. van Gelderen 2013; Los and van Kemenade 2018). In this paper, we argue that this distributional discrepancy stems from the lack of syntactic and formal affinities between the two forms. Se-demonstratives are either dependent (introducing full DPs) or independent (usually labeled as “pronominal”), but still instances of the same lexical item. As a D-category, they necessarily license their NP complements regardless of their being lexical or empty, thereby entering into tight formal and semantic relations with their nominal antecedents. In doing so, they rely on the working of their gender- and case-features, the two carrying semantic import and mapping onto the specific reference [+ref/spec]-property in the semantic module(s). Being bundles of case- and/or φ-features, pronominals lack the complex syntactic structure of se-demonstratives. Their formal and semantic relations with nominal antecedents are thus less intimate, holding due to interpretable person- and number-features.

scholarly journals Kuatnya Jejak Ke-Austronesia-an pada Bahasa Bali Dialek Bali Aga

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 77
Author(s):  
Ni Made Dhanawaty
Keyword(s):  
Language Change ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Linguistic Variables ◽  
Personal Pronouns ◽  
Austronesian Languages ◽  
Interview Methods

The Balinese language is spatially divided into the Balinese dialect of Bali Aga (DBA) and the dialect of Bali Dataran (DBD). As a sub-family of Austronesian languages, the Balinese language has many features of being Austronesian. This study at analyzes the trace of the Bali Aga dialect, through four linguistic variables: the realization of the phoneme /a/, the distribution of phonemes /h/, bimonosilabel words, and personal pronouns. Data sources of this research are Balinese in the DBA area, general Balinese language, and Balinese inscriptions and dictionaries which were collected using the scrutinize and interview methods and analyzed by using comparative and distributional approaches. The results showed that the Austronesian traces in the Bali Aga dialect are still strong, indicated by (1) the persistence of [a] as a realization of the phoneme /a/ in the ultima position; (2) the persistence of /h/ in the initial and medial positions; (3) the persistence of penultima syllable coda on bimonosilabis words; (4) the persistence of Proto Austronesian pronouns. These indicate that the archaic data are very important in tracking language change.

scholarly journals The pronominal system of Odual

2007 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 92-99
Author(s):  
Ethelbert E. Kari
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
First Person ◽  
Possessive Pronoun ◽  
Personal Pronouns ◽  
Person Plural ◽  
Basic Word ◽  
Noteworthy Feature ◽  
Aspect Markers ◽  
First Person Plural ◽  
Pronominal System

This paper discusses the pronominal system of Odual, which has five subsets of pronouns: personal, reflexive, interrogative, demonstrative, and indefinite. A noteworthy feature of the system is the distinction between inclusive and exclusive first person plural personal pronouns. Reflexivity is marked by a noun meaning 'self plus a possessive pronoun, the noun varying in form depending on the singularity or plurality of the antecedent. It is noted that tense/aspect markers in Odual show limited agreement for person and number, and in some cases they do not have distinct forms to reflect the differences in the forms of pronouns occasioned by differences in person and number. Also noted is the fact that the basic word order in Odual simple clauses is SVO, and that word order in NPs to a large extent is typologically consistent with the basic word order, as many of the pronouns that function as modifiers follow the noun they modify.

scholarly journals Die Modalverben im Deutschen und Arabischen

لارك ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (40) ◽  
pp. 1124-1101
Author(s):  
مدز افراح مجيد هادي الانصاري
Keyword(s):  
Arabic Language ◽  
German Language ◽  
Personal Pronouns ◽  
Modal Verbs ◽  
The Past ◽  
Semitic Language ◽  
Main Verb ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Present Tense ◽  
Irregular Verbs

ان مقارنة قواعد اللغة الألمانية مع لغة سامية كاللغة العربية تفضي الى حجم الهوة والاختلافات الكبيرة بين قواعد وأنظمة اللغة العربية مقارنة باللغة الألمانية. فموضوع البحث يتناول مقارنة افعال الكيفية في اللغة الألمانية وما يقابها باللغة العربية. أفعال الكيفية هي عبارة عن ستة الفعال لها قواعد تركيبية خاصة تختلف عن الأفعال الأخرى من حيث البناء والتركيب، وهي أفعال شاذة ولها تصاريف معينة مع الضمائر الشخصية سواء في الزمن الماضي او المضارع، فهي تستلزم غالبا ما فعل مصدري يكتب في نهاية الجملة لاتمام المعنى، ويعد هذا الفعل فعلا رئيسيا، وتأخذ هذه الأفعال الموضع الثاني في الجملة وتكون مصرفة حسب الفاعل بينما يأتي الفعل الرئيسي في نهاية الجملة دون أي تصريف، وهذه الأفعال هي: يَسمَح، يَستطيع، يَوَد أو يَرغَب، يَجب، يَنبغي، يُريد. الفعل في قواعد اللغة العربية يدل على معنى في نفسه فمنه المعرب ومنه المبني وله اوزان محددة، والفعل الثلاثي الماضي على وزن فَعَلَ تعد أساسا للميزان الصرفي، فعند ترجمة أفعال الكيفية حسب الميزان الصرفي تكون أرادَ وانبغى واستطاع .. الخ. أفعال الكيفية في اللغة الألمانية تقابلها في اللغة العربية أنْ المصدرية الناصبة والتي تدخل على الجمل الفعلية وتفيد الحال والاستقبال اذا دخلت على الفعل المضارع. وقد تترجم الجمل والنصوص الى اللغة العربية بالصدر المؤول من (أنْ والفعل) او بالمصدر الصريح، وبعضها يرتبط بحرف جر مثل سُمِحَ( لَه)ُ و وَجَبَ (على)، وهناك الكثير من المفردات والاستخدامات اللغوية تم ذكرها بالبحث.  Comparing the grammar of the German language with a Semitic language such as the Arabic language leads to the size of the gap and the big differences between the rules and systems of the Arabic language compared to the German language. The topic of this research deals with comparing the qualitative verbs in the German language and the equivalent in the Arabic language. Modal verbs are six active verbs that have special syntactic rules that differ from other verbs in terms of construction and composition. They are irregular verbs and have specific conjugations with personal pronouns, whether in the past or present tense, they often require an infinitive verb written at the end of the sentence to complete the meaning. This verb is a main verb, and these verbs take the second position in the sentence and are inflected according to the subject, while the main verb comes at the end of the sentence without any conjugation, and these verbs are: allow, can, wish or desire, should, should, want. The verb in the grammar of the Arabic language denotes a meaning in itself, from which it is expressed, and from it that is based and has specific weights, and the past triple verb on the weight of  فَعَلَ  is the basis for the morphological balance, so when translating modal verbs according to the morphological scale, they are أراد ، انبغى and أستطاعَ  ... etc. Verbs of modal in the German language correspond to it in the Arabic language that the أنْ  accusative infinitive, which is entered into the verbal sentences, and benefits the adverb and the reception if entered into the present tense. Sentences and texts may be translated into Arabic with the source of (أنْ and verb) or with the explicit source, and some of them are related to a preposition such as allowed (for him) and obligatory (on), and there are many vocabulary and linguistic uses mentioned in the research.                                                                                                         

Narcissism and the use of personal pronouns revisited

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela L. Carey ◽  
Melanie Brucks ◽  
Albrecht C. P. Kufner ◽  
Nick Holtzman ◽  
Fenne Grosse Deters ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Personal Pronouns

Strategies of Impression Management and Deception among Chinese and English speakers

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chenling Hsieh ◽  
Cheryl Hiscock-Anisman ◽  
Kevin Colwell ◽  
Samantha Florence ◽  
Andrea Sorcinelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Impression Management ◽  
English Speakers ◽  
Chinese And English

Interpersonal Metafunction in Leonardo DiCaprio Speech

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-46
Author(s):  
ASIH PRIHANDINI ◽  
ILYAS PERMANA PUTRA
Keyword(s):  
Personal Pronouns

This study is aimed to analyze mood, modality and personal pronouns as the elements of interpersonal metafunction found in Leonardo DiCaprio

Phonetic iconicity in the evaluative morphology of a sample of Indo-European, Niger-Congo and Austronesian languages

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 156-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renáta Gregová ◽  
Lívia Körtvélyessy ◽  
Július Zimmermann
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Sound Symbolism ◽  
Three Dimensional Model ◽  
Austronesian Languages ◽  
Place Of Articulation ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Phonetic Symbolism ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Core Vocabulary

Universals Archive (Universal #1926) indicates a universal tendency for sound symbolism in reference to the expression of diminutives and augmentatives. The research ( Štekauer et al. 2009 ) carried out on European languages has not proved the tendency at all. Therefore, our research was extended to cover three language families – Indo-European, Niger-Congo and Austronesian. A three-step analysis examining different aspects of phonetic symbolism was carried out on a core vocabulary of 35 lexical items. A research sample was selected out of 60 languages. The evaluative markers were analyzed according to both phonetic classification of vowels and consonants and Ultan's and Niewenhuis' conclusions on the dominance of palatal and post-alveolar consonants in diminutive markers. Finally, the data obtained in our sample languages was evaluated by means of a three-dimensional model illustrating the place of articulation of the individual segments.

Bilingual speaker identification: Chinese and English

2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peggy P.K. Mok ◽  
Robert Bo Xu ◽  
Donghui Zuo
Keyword(s):  
Speaker Identification ◽  
Bilingual Speaker ◽  
Chinese And English
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