Technological progress versus economic policy as tools to control deforestation: the Atlantic zone of Costa Rica.

2009 ◽  
pp. 135-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Roebeling ◽  
R. Ruben
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Costa Rica ◽  
Technological Progress

The Cafta Conflict and Costa Rica's Democracy: Assessing the 2007 Referendum

2012 ◽  
Vol 54 (03) ◽  
pp. 123-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eliza J. Willis ◽  
Janet A. Seiz
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Costa Rica ◽  
Direct Democracy ◽  
Free Trade Agreement ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Political Landscape ◽  
Democratic Control ◽  
Public Demonstrations

Abstract The process of ratifying CAFTA in Costa Rica required traversing a contentious political landscape involving intense legislative battles, massive public demonstrations, and finally a national referendum in October 2007. By employing the mechanism of direct democracy to ratify a free trade agreement, Costa Rica made history. But how did this experiment with direct participation affect Costa Rica's democracy? This article evaluates what the referendum achieved in terms of promoting citizen engagement, equipping voters to make informed choices, resolving the CAFTA conflict in a way viewed as legitimate, and shaping citizens' relationships to representative institutions. While the referendum had positive effects, it had several negative consequences for representative democracy, which raises questions about the limits of democratic control over economic policy in the era of globalization.

scholarly journals SHANGHAI PORT: FACTORS OF DEVELOPMENT

2020 ◽  
pp. 154-178
Author(s):  
Nelli Semenova ◽  
◽  
Ludmila Aristova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Technological Progress ◽  
Foreign Capital ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Political Will ◽  
Natural Factors ◽  
Port Facilities ◽  
Geographical Position ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Further Development

For a decade, the Shanghai port has retained the world’s leading positions not only in terms of economic indicators, but also in terms of equipping the port facilities with the latest achievements of science and technology. Due to its advantageous geographical position since ancient times, it has been an important port for external transport and internal trade of China. Shanghai was historically destined to become the world’s largest transshipment base. But natural factors bear fruit only in the presence of a competent and planned economic policy. The economic success of the port in recent years has been preparing for many decades. Anthropogenic factors, namely the reform and restructuring of the economic system, attracting foreign capital, advanced foreign technologies and management methods, accelerated the development of the port. Technological progress, globalization and political will have made the port the world’s largest industrial port complex. This article is devoted to the analysis of modern achievements and the prospects for the further development of the port of Shanghai.

scholarly journals Безусловен базов доход: поредната социалистическа утопия?

2020 ◽  
pp. 5-14
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Technological Progress ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Economic Systems ◽  
Total System ◽  
Basic Income ◽  
System Transformation ◽  
Socialist Utopia ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Financial Transfer

The Universal Basic Income: Another Socialist Utopia? The concept of universal basic income (UBI) is presented as a tool for reducing poverty through guaranteed financial transfer by the state to each individual. The financial transfer, or UBI, allows a person to cover their minimum expenses. The idea is rooted in the 19th century and has gained popularity again in the last decade as a result of individuals and societies expecting a loss of labor opportunities due to digitalization, automation and technological progress in AI development. In this paper we address problems of economic policy in the case that UBI is introduced in Europe. We address fundamental questions that require answers before the concept is regarded as an applicable alternative to existing social systems. We consider the concept as another socialist utopia that cannot be implemented in existing economic systems in Europe. Only in case of a total system transformation can it be a viable alternative.

scholarly journals The Economic Policies of the Khrushchev Decade: Historiography

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Evgeny Artemov ◽  
Evgeny Vodichev
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Technological Progress ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Monetary Policies ◽  
Academic Literature ◽  
Urgent Task ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
Special Studies ◽  
The Military

This paper analyses the historiography of the economic policy of the Khrushchev decade, revealing debated issues and gaps in the study of the field. The authors review works published on this issue, relying on the principles of historicism traditional for historiographical research, i. e. grouping methods based on the classification of problem fields in academic literature and methodological approaches used in scholarship. As a result of the research, the authors conclude that despite a solid groundwork in the study of the economic policy of the Khrushchev decade, a few fundamental issues have not yet been resolved. In particular, there is no universal periodisation. It is also not clear at what expenses were planned for increasing the economy’s efficiency, why this could not be achieved, and what role was played by scientific and technological progress. Additionally, it is not quite clear to what extent this was based on borrowing foreign technologies and/or practical mastery of the results of research produced in the country and how the military-industrial orientation of economic policy was supplemented by the consumer-oriented component and what consequences this led to. Furthermore, there are no special studies on several aspects of the integrated economic policy, such as investment, fiscal and monetary policies, price and income regulation, and the planning and financing of the defense industry. The authors consider the study of these topics, along with deepening the historiographical directions that have already been developed, an urgent task.

scholarly journals Economic Policy Towards Domestic Stock Exchanges

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-161
Author(s):  
Wojciech Szymon Kowalski
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Stock Market ◽  
Technological Progress ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Stock Exchanges ◽  
The Past ◽  
Effective Combination ◽  
External Conditions ◽  
Market Experiment ◽  
Domestic Stock

Abstract Over the past forty years, stock exchanges have undergone a number of transformations (legal, organizational and technological). They resulted both from general external conditions (including technological progress) as well as were the expression of various economic (structural) policies. Two of which seem to be basic. The first implemented in France, based on optimal centralization of stock exchange trading. The second one, implemented in Germany and Spain, expressing the concept of a complementary and effective combination of the potentials of the main trading floor and regional exchanges. Promisingly, especially in this latter dimension of experience together with the Edinburgh ‘stock market experiment’ that has just begun, they may reveal yet another not yet fully recognized characteristics of the stock market - the institutional exemplification of the market economy.

scholarly journals Research on the Effectiveness of China’s Macro Control Policy on Output and Technological Progress under Economic Policy Uncertainty

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 6844
Author(s):  
Ganwen Zheng ◽  
Songping Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Technological Progress ◽  
Control Policy ◽  
Output Growth ◽  
Policy Uncertainty ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Economic Policy Uncertainty ◽  
Macroeconomic Regulation And Control ◽  
And Control

The uncertainty of economic policy, a specific form of uncertainty, can affect both economic growth, and the effectiveness of the macroeconomic regulation and control policy. Existing studies have analyzed the impacts of economic policy uncertainty on investment, consumption, trade, and total factor survival, but there is no analysis of the effectiveness of macroeconomic regulation and control policies on output and technological progress in a deterministic environment. Output growth and technological progress show the performance of economic growth in gross and efficiency, respectively, which is the external performance and internal driving force of economic growth. To achieve long-term sustainable economic development, it is necessary to consider both the aggregate problem and technological progress. In this context, this paper attempts to explore the effectiveness of China’s macroeconomic regulation and control policy on output growth and technological progress under the economic policy uncertainty. Specifically, this paper first analyzes the effectiveness of macroeconomic regulation and control policy on China’s output growth and technological progress in an uncertain environment, and then makes an empirical study by constructing a time-varying parameter vector autoregression model (TVP-VAR). Furthermore, the simulation test of the relevant results is carried out using the counter-fact analysis method. The empirical results show that: (1) under the uncertainty environment, the direction of the effect of price monetary policy on output has not changed, the effect of interest rate increase on output growth is negative, and the impact is stronger in the short term than in the medium and long term; the effect of rising interest rates on technological progress is positive, and the effect intensity is also significant in the short term, but weak in the medium and long term, the effect of price monetary policy on output is stronger under moderate uncertainty. (2) Credit growth can promote output growth, and the regulation effect of credit growth on output growth is mainly reflected in the short term under the TVP-VAR model, the effect of credit growth on technological progress is not significant. Further research using counterfactual analysis shows that the uncertain environment will reduce the effect of credit policy on output growth, but the effect is not significant.

Identification of Maize Rayado Fino Virus by Immunoelectron Microscopy

1985 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 636-637
Author(s):  
O. E. Bradfute
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Zea Mays ◽  
Costa Rica ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
Normal Rabbit Serum ◽  
Virus Particles ◽  
Far North ◽  
Maize Rayado Fino Virus ◽  
Antibody Coating

Maize rayado fino virus (MRFV) causes a severe disease of corn (Zea mays) in many locations throughout the neotropics and as far north as southern U.S. MRFV particles detected by direct electron microscopy of negatively stained sap from infected leaves are not necessarily distinguishable from many other small isometric viruses infecting plants (Fig. 1).Immunosorbent trapping of virus particles on antibody-coated grids and the antibody coating or decoration of trapped virus particles, was used to confirm the identification of MRFV. Antiserum to MRFV was supplied by R. Gamez (Centro de Investigacion en Biologia Celular y Molecular, Universidad de Costa Rica, Ciudad Universitaria, Costa Rica).Virus particles, appearing as a continuous lawn, were trapped on grids coated with MRFV antiserum (Fig. 2-4). In contrast, virus particles were infrequently found on grids not exposed to antiserum or grids coated with normal rabbit serum (similar to Fig. 1). In Fig. 3, the appearance of the virus particles (isometric morphology, 30 nm diameter, stain penetration of some particles, and morphological subunits in other particles) is characteristic of negatively stained MRFV particles. Decoration or coating of these particles with MRFV antiserum confirms their identification as MRFV (Fig. 4).

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