scholarly journals Nutrient intakes of urban dwellers in Lagos, Nigeria

1967 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Mcfie
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Patterns ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Lower Proportion ◽  
Calorie Intake ◽  
Lower Income ◽  
Nutrient Contents ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Body Weights

1. The nutrient contents of diets consumed by families in the lower income groups in Lagos are compared with published values for diets consumed by Nigerians in rural areas.2. Qualitatively, the dietary patterns of urban dwellers tended to resemble those of the regions from which they had migrated; attention is drawn to certain exceptions.3. Quantitatively, urban diets resembled those in rural areas in (a) providing a lower proportion, in relation to requirements, of calories rather than of protein; and (b) allowing children lower intakes of all nutrients, in relation to requirements, than adults.4. Restriction of calorie intake resulted in diversion of dietary protein to energy production, and this in turn led to low mean body-weights of children and of adults.

Zip Code-Related Income Disparities in Patients with Colorectal Cancer

2021 ◽  
pp. 000313482110234
Author(s):  
Yasmeen Z. Qwaider ◽  
Naomi M. Sell ◽  
Chloe Boudreau ◽  
Caitlin E. Stafford ◽  
Rocco Ricciardi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Tertiary Hospital ◽  
Lower Proportion ◽  
Stage Iii ◽  
Median Income ◽  
Lower Income ◽  
Income Disparities ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Zip Code

Introduction Screening and early detection reduce morbidity and mortality in colorectal cancer. Our aim is to study the effect of income disparities on the clinical characteristics of patients with colorectal cancer in Massachusetts. Methods Patients were extracted from a database containing all surgically treated colorectal cancers between 2004 and 2015 at a tertiary hospital in Massachusetts. We split patients into 2 groups: “above-median income” and “below-median income” according to the median income of Massachusetts ($74,167). Results The analysis included 817 patients. The above-median income group consisted of 528 patients (65%) and the below-median income group consisted of 289 patients (35%). The mean age of presentation was 64 ± 15 years for the above-median income group and 67 ± 15 years for the below-median income group ( P = .04). Patients with below-median income were screened less often ( P < .001) and presented more frequently with metastatic disease ( P = .02). Patients with above-median income survived an estimated 15 months longer than those with below-median income ( P < .001). The survival distribution was statistically significantly different between the groups for stage III disease ( P = .004), but not stages I, II, or IV ( P = 1, 1, and .2, respectively). For stage III disease, a lower proportion of below-median income patients received chemotherapy (61% vs. 79%, P = .002) and a higher proportion underwent nonelective surgery (5% vs. 2%, P = .007). Conclusions In Massachusetts, patients with colorectal cancer residing in lower income areas are screened less, received adjuvant chemotherapy less, and have worse outcomes, especially when analyzing those who present with stage III disease.

scholarly journals Subsidising urban and sub-urban transport – distributional impacts

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nils Fearnley ◽  
Jørgen Aarhaug
Keyword(s):  
Public Transport ◽  
High Speed ◽  
High Income ◽  
Urban Transport ◽  
Lower Income ◽  
Distributional Effects ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Economic Profile ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Distributional Impacts

Abstract Background and methods This paper studies distributional effects of public transport (PT) subsidies focusing on the Greater Oslo region. We identify how different PT markets enjoy different levels of subsidies. We describe how subsidies are distributed along PT modes and their respective patronage. This is done by document studies and travel surveys, supplemented by expert inquiries. Results We find that high-income groups, served by regional trains and high-speed crafts, receive large per passenger and per passenger-kilometre subsidy, while lower-income areas, typically served by local and regional buses, metros and local trains, receive lower subsidies per passenger. Peak traffic receives higher subsidies than off-peak traffic. The overall distributional profile is, however, found to be moderately progressive, in particular because of the socio-economic profile of the average PT passenger relative to the population as a whole.

scholarly journals Impact of Domestic and Transboundary Conflicts on Militarization

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-35
Author(s):  
Hafiz Syed Mohsin Abbas ◽  
Xiaodong Xu ◽  
Chunxia Sun ◽  
Saif Ullah ◽  
Muhammad Ahsan Ali Raza
Keyword(s):  
High Income ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
Fragile States ◽  
Lower Income ◽  
Security Issues ◽  
Military Equipment ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Global Concern ◽  
Global Peace ◽  
Lower Income Countries

AbstractSecurity issues are the global concern nowadays, which triggers government spending on military equipment and supply chain. This paper analyzes the global perspective of cohesion indicators on Militarization by using 177 countries panel data from the Years 2011-2018 based on middle/lower and high-income groups. By applied OLS and Fixed Effect modelling, we explored the idea that Group Grievance and Population Growth Rate have a significant impact on Militarization in both income groups worldwide. However, middle/lower income group’s Militarization is more fragile than high-income groups due to state cohesion. It further analyses that Security Apparatus and Fractionalization Elite are significant in Middle/ lower-income countries and have an insignificant impact on Militarization in high-income countries. In the end, the study suggested that the United Nations must keenly observe the militarization trends of the less fragile states by considering global peace concerns and should play its role to resolve the bilateral conflicts in the region to maintain world peace environment.

scholarly journals Who Becomes Unhappy when Income Inequality Increases?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bjorn Lous ◽  
Johan Graafland
Keyword(s):  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Harmful Effect ◽  
World Values Survey ◽  
Lower Income ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Average Life ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
The World ◽  
Negative Effect

AbstractLiterature has established that, on a macroeconomic level, income inequality has a negative effect on average life satisfaction. An unresolved question is, however, which income groups are harmed by income inequality. In this paper we investigate this relationship at the microeconomic level combining national indicators of income inequality with individual data of life satisfaction from the World Values Survey for 39 countries over a period of 25 years. Tests on moderation by income category show that the Gini coefficient is most negatively related to life satisfaction of the lowest income groups, but the negative effects also extends to other income groups. For the income share of the top 1% we find a similar result. These findings show that income inequality is especially a concern for the lower income groups, but that the harmful effect of income inequality also spillovers to the life satisfaction of other income groups.

FINANCIAL INCLUSION THROUGH MICRO FINANCE

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
P. Nagarajan
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Financial Inclusion ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Resource Base ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Low Income Groups

Finance has become an essential part of an economy for development of the society as well as economy of nation. World leaders are embracing nancial inclusion at an accelerating pace, because they know that an inclusive nancial system that responsibly reaches all citizens is an important ingredient for social and economic progress for emerging markets and developing countries. Despite the political tailwind, half of the working-age adults globally – 2.5 billion people – remain excluded from formal nancial services. Instead, they have to rely on the age-old informal mechanisms of the moneylender or pawnbroker for credit or the rotating savings club and vulnerable livestock for savings. The pandemic has had a momentous impact on economies and societies around the world. At the same time, it has shown that, with the right approach, it is possible to protect and safeguard the economy. . Through Financial inclusion we can achieve equitable and inclusive growth of the nation. Financial inclusion stands for delivery of appropriate nancial services at an affordable cost, on timely basis to vulnerable groups such as low income groups and weaker section who lack access to even the most basic banking services. It helps in economic development as it widens the resource base of the nancial system by developing a culture of savings among large segment of rural population. Further, nancial inclusion protects their nancial wealth and other resources in exigent circumstances by bringing low income groups within the perimeter of formal banking sector. Financial inclusion engages in including poor people in the formal banking industry with the intention of securing their minimal nances for future purposes. Micronance has become a medium of extending nancial services to unbanked sections of population. Micronance is banking the unbankables, bringing credit, savings and other essential nancial services within the reach of millions of people who are too poor to be served by regular banks, in most cases because they are unable to offer sufcient collateral. In a country like India with almost 30% (more than 360 million) people still below poverty line and according to latest census gures, more than 70% or 840 million people living in rural areas with little or no access to formal banking and other nancial services, micronance has a big role to play in order to bridge this gap. The Micro Finance Institutions occupies key position in nancial inclusion through micro nance where the exclusion. In developing countries, the growth of micronance institutions (MFIs) which specically target low income individuals are viewed as potentially useful for promotion of nancial inclusion. Even though MFIs at present, mainly offer only credit products; as they grow, they are likely to expand their product range to include other nancial services.

Iceland’s Strategy of Redistribution

2019 ◽  
pp. 132-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefán Ólafsson
Keyword(s):  
Income Distribution ◽  
Job Creation ◽  
Financial Hardship ◽  
Good Growth ◽  
Lower Income ◽  
Income Levels ◽  
Taxation Policy ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Bubble Economy ◽  
Vulnerable Households

Stefán Ólafsson here explains the characteristics of the bubble economy in Iceland, the magnitude of the financial collapse of 2008, and its consequences. The crisis was dramatic and deep but bottomed out early (2010). Since then good growth has prevailed. The governments of the crisis period applied various policy reactions that worked quite well, and included both macroeconomic stimulus measures and social protective efforts. Ólafsson describes what he terms Iceland’s redistribution strategy, which aimed to protect the more vulnerable households. These included increased transfers aimed at the lower income groups, job creation, activation and rehabilitation, debt relief, and changed taxation policy. Altogether these efforts succeeded in softening the worst crisis consequences and contributed to an equalization of income distribution. Financial hardship topped in 2010 and has come down since then, gradually and persistently. By 2017 the highest employment and income levels of the pre-crisis years had been regained.

scholarly journals Measuring income inequalities beyond the Gini coefficient

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 561-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikuláš Luptáčik ◽  
Eduard Nežinský
Keyword(s):  
Income Distribution ◽  
Gini Coefficient ◽  
Gini Index ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Lower Income ◽  
Poverty Index ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Head Count ◽  
Weights Restrictions

AbstractGrowing interest in the analysis of interrelationships between income distribution and economic growth has recently stimulated new theoretical and empirical research. Measures such as the head-count ratio for the poverty index or the widely used Gini coefficient are aggregated indicators describing the general extent of inequality without deeper insights into income distribution among households. To derive an indicator accounting for income distribution among income groups, we propose a new approach based on an output oriented DEA model where the input value is unitized to 1 for each country and weights restrictions imposed so as to favour a higher income share in the lower quantiles. We demonstrate the merits of this approach on the quintile income breakdown data of 29 European countries. Prioritizing lower income groups’ welfare, countries such as Slovenia and Slovakia can be equally favoured by the new proposed indicator while being assessed differently by the Gini index. An intertemporal analysis reveals a slight deterioration of income distribution in the majority of 29 European countries over the period of 2007–2016 in a Rawlsian sense.

scholarly journals Dietary patterns of Chinese women of childbearing age during pregnancy and their relationship to the neonatal birth weight

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Yan ◽  
Shaonong Dang ◽  
Yaodong Zhang ◽  
Shuying Luo
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Dietary Patterns ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Shaanxi Province ◽  
Middle Region ◽  
Neonatal Birth Weight ◽  
Traditional Pattern ◽  
Social Demographic

Abstract Objective To examine the type of maternal dietary patterns during pregnancy and the distribution characteristics of children’s birth weight and the association between dietary patterns and neonatal birth weight in China. Methods Data were derived from a cross-sectional program named “The prevalence and risk factors of birth defects in Shaanxi Province” in July to November in 2013. A stratified multistage random sampling method was used to select women and their children. The mother’s diet during pregnancy was investigated using semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) to collect the frequency and amount of food consumption, and the newborn birth weight as well as related social demographic information was collected at the same time. In our study, 0–1 year old children and their mothers with complete dietary survey data were selected as research objects. The main dietary patterns were identified according to factor analysis, and latent class analysis (LCA) was used to investigate the social demographic factors affecting dietary patterns. The logistic regression model was used to assess the association between birth weight and maternal dietary patterns during pregnancy by establishing three adjusting models and the data were stratified for further analysis by urban-rural and regions. Results A total of 15,980 participants were involved in this study. Four dietary patterns were identified: “vegetarian pattern”, “balance pattern”, “traditional pattern” and “processing pattern”. Compared with moderate tertile, women in the highest tertile of adherence to vegetarian pattern increased the risk of low birth weight in offspring in rural areas (OR = 1.61, 95%CI:1.06–2.93) and middle region (OR = 1.75, 95%CI:1.18–2.62), and the traditional pattern had greater odds of lower birth weight in the middle region (OR = 1.55, 95%CI:1.05–3.75). The processing pattern was found a protective factor for the occurrence of low birth weight in rural areas (OR = 0.98, 95%CI:0.43–0.99) but was a risk factor for low birth weight in the southern region (OR = 8.83, 95%CI:1.22–15.16). The balance pattern was a protective factor for the occurrence of low birth weight in the northern region(OR = 0.35, 95%CI:0.14–0.83). Conclusion The vegetarian and traditional pattern may be positively related to a higher risk of low birth weight while the balanced pattern may keep birth weight of offspring within the appropriate range. Health education of balanced diet and individual nutrition guidance during pregnancy should be strengthened, to make the dietary structure during pregnancy are more reasonable, reduce the occurrence of adverse birth weight of newborns.

scholarly journals Are parental dietary patterns associated with children’s overweight and obesity in China?

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daisheng Tang ◽  
Tao Bu ◽  
Xuefan Dong
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Dietary Patterns ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional

Abstract Background It is believed that parents have a great influence on their children’s dietary behaviours. However, it is not clear whether parental food patterns are associated with children’s nutritional status in China, which includes a vast territory with rich, diverse cultures. The goal of this project is to systematically study the associations between parental food intake and children’s overweight and obesity in China, according to children’s ages and regional differences. Methods Based on individual food consumption data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) package in 2011, cross-sectional studies have previously been conducted to analyse the association between different categories of food intake of parents and children. The current study extends this research by directly. Results Our analysis results show that parental food intake is highly correlated with children’s food intake, with the estimated coefficients of most food intake categories being greater than 0.5. Furthermore, this association between parental food intake and children’s overweight and obesity is most significant in young children, but it begins to weaken in relation to children aged between 13 and 18. Additionally, the associations between parental food intake and children’s overnutrition are more significant in rural areas than they are in urban areas. Conclusions The association between parental food intake and childhood overweight and obesity is significant, although it varies considerably according to food categories, children’s ages and area differences. These results show promise for intervening in the overnutrition of children by controlling household dietary patterns according to children’s developmental stages and regional differences.

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