scholarly journals A review of the epidemiological evidence for the ‘antioxidant hypothesis’

2004 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 407-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
SA Stanner ◽  
J Hughes ◽  
CNM Kelly ◽  
J Buttriss
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Chronic Disease ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Research Programme ◽  
Plant Foods ◽  
Food Standards ◽  
Independent Review ◽  
High Doses ◽  
Intervention Trials ◽  
Antioxidant Supplements

AbstractObjective:The British Nutrition Foundation was recently commissioned by the Food Standards Agency to conduct a review of the government's research programme onAntioxidants in Food. Part of this work involved an independent review of the scientific literature on the role of antioxidants in chronic disease prevention, which is presented in this paper.Background:There is consistent evidence that diets rich in fruit and vegetables and other plant foods are associated with moderately lower overall mortality rates and lower death rates from cardiovascular disease and some types of cancer. The ‘antioxidant hypothesis’ proposes that vitamin C, vitamin E, carotenoids and other antioxidant nutrients afford protection against chronic diseases by decreasing oxidative damage.Results:Although scientific rationale and observational studies have been convincing, randomised primary and secondary intervention trials have failed to show any consistent benefit from the use of antioxidant supplements on cardiovascular disease or cancer risk, with some trials even suggesting possible harm in certain subgroups. These trials have usually involved the administration of single antioxidant nutrients given at relatively high doses. The results of trials investigating the effect of a balanced combination of antioxidants at levels achievable by diet are awaited.Conclusion:The suggestion that antioxidant supplements can prevent chronic diseases has not been proved or consistently supported by the findings of published intervention trials. Further evidence regarding the efficacy, safety and appropriate dosage of antioxidants in relation to chronic disease is needed. The most prudent public health advice remains to increase the consumption of plant foods, as such dietary patterns are associated with reduced risk of chronic disease.

More Eggs, Less Sugar: A Sneak Peek into the Latest Dietary Guidelines for Americans

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-24
Author(s):  
Darlene Zimmerman
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Chronic Disease ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Dietary Guidelines ◽  
Healthy Diet ◽  
Dietary Guidelines For Americans

ABSTRACT The 2015 – 2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans provides guidance for choosing a healthy diet. There is a focus on preventing and alleviating the effects of diet-related chronic diseases. These include obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and stroke, among others. This article briefly reviews the primary guideline items that can be used to teach patients with respect to improving their diet. Clinical exercise physiologists who work with patients with chronic disease can use these guidelines for general discussions regarding a heart-healthy diet.

scholarly journals Research strategies and the use of nutrient biomarkers in studies of diet and chronic disease

2002 ◽  
Vol 5 (6a) ◽  
pp. 977-984 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ross L Prentice ◽  
Elizabeth Sugar ◽  
CY Wang ◽  
Marian Neuhouser ◽  
Ruth Patterson
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Disease ◽  
Research Programme ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Ongoing Work ◽  
Nutrient Consumption ◽  
Intervention Trials ◽  
Post Menopausal ◽  
Randomised Controlled ◽  
Biomarker Data

AbstractObjective:To provide an account of the state of diet and chronic disease research designs and methods; to discuss the role and potential of aggregate and analytical observational studies and randomised controlled intervention trials; and to propose strategies for strengthening each type of study, with particular emphasis on the use of nutrient biomarkers in cohort study settings.Design:Observations from diet and disease studies conducted over the past 25 years are used to identify the strengths and weaknesses of various study designs that have been used to associate nutrient consumption with chronic disease risk. It is argued that a varied research programme, employing multiple study designs, is needed in response to the widely different biases and constraints that attend aggregate and analytical epidemiological studies and controlled intervention trials. Study design modifications are considered that may be able to enhance the reliability of aggregate and analytical nutritional epidemiological studies. Specifically, the potential of nutrient biomarker measurements that provide an objective assessment of nutrient consumption to enhance analytical study reliability is emphasised. A statistical model for combining nutrient biomarker data with self-report nutrient consumption estimates is described, and related ongoing work on odds ratio parameter estimation is outlined briefly. Finally, a recently completed nutritional biomarker study among 102 postmenopausal women in Seattle is mentioned. The statistical model will be applied to biomarker data on energy expenditure, urinary nitrogen, selected blood fatty acid measurements and various blood micronutrient concentrations, and food frequency self-report data, to identify study subject characteristics, such as body mass, age or socio-economic status, that may be associated with the measurement properties of food frequency nutrient consumption estimates. This information will be crucial for the design of a potential larger nutrient biomarker study within the cohort study component of the Women's Health Initiative.Setting and subjects:The methodology under study is expected to be pertinent to a wide variety of diet and chronic disease association studies in the general population. Ongoing work focuses on statistical methods developed using computer simulations motivated by studies of dietary fat in relation to breast and colon cancer among post-menopausal women, and ongoing pilot studies to be described in detail elsewhere, involving post-menopausal women living in the Seattle area.Results and conclusion:A varied research programme appears to be needed to make progress in the challenging diet and chronic disease research area. Such progress may include aggregate studies of diet and chronic disease that include sample surveys in diverse population groups world-wide, analytical epidemiological studies that use nutrient biomarker data to calibrate self-report nutrient consumption estimates, and randomised controlled intervention trials that arise from an enhanced infrastructure for intervention development. New innovative designs, models and methodologies are needed for each such research setting.

scholarly journals A Framework to Understand the Progression of Cardiovascular Disease for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients Using a Network Approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 596 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md Ekramul Hossain ◽  
Shahadat Uddin ◽  
Arif Khan ◽  
Mohammad Ali Moni
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Chronic Disease ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Australian Health ◽  
Disease Networks ◽  
Multiple Chronic Diseases

The prevalence of chronic disease comorbidity has increased worldwide. Comorbidity—i.e., the presence of multiple chronic diseases—is associated with adverse health outcomes in terms of mobility and quality of life as well as financial burden. Understanding the progression of comorbidities can provide valuable insights towards the prevention and better management of chronic diseases. Administrative data can be used in this regard as they contain semantic information on patients’ health conditions. Most studies in this field are focused on understanding the progression of one chronic disease rather than multiple diseases. This study aims to understand the progression of two chronic diseases in the Australian health context. It specifically focuses on the comorbidity progression of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), as the prevalence of these chronic diseases in Australians is high. A research framework is proposed to understand and represent the progression of CVD in patients with T2DM using graph theory and social network analysis techniques. Two study cohorts (i.e., patients with both T2DM and CVD and patients with only T2DM) were selected from an administrative dataset obtained from an Australian health insurance company. Two baseline disease networks were constructed from these two selected cohorts. A final disease network from two baseline disease networks was then generated by weight adjustments in a normalized way. The prevalence of renal failure, fluid and electrolyte disorders, hypertension and obesity was significantly higher in patients with both CVD and T2DM than patients with only T2DM. This showed that these chronic diseases occurred frequently during the progression of CVD in patients with T2DM. The proposed network-based model may potentially help the healthcare provider to understand high-risk diseases and the progression patterns between the recurrence of T2DM and CVD. Also, the framework could be useful for stakeholders including governments and private health insurers to adopt appropriate preventive health management programs for patients at a high risk of developing multiple chronic diseases.

scholarly journals Reducing Deaths by Diet: A Call for Public Policy to Prevent Chronic Disease

1970 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Norm Campbell CM, MD, FRCPC ◽  
Michel Sauvé MD FRCP FACP FCCP MSc
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Public Policy ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Chronic Disease ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Physical Inactivity ◽  
Unhealthy Eating ◽  
Unhealthy Diet ◽  
Excess Alcohol Consumption

Chronic diseases including cardiovascular disease and cancer are the leading causes of disability and death in Canada.1,2 The majority of chronic diseases are caused by physical inactivity, tobacco use, excess alcohol consumption and unhealthy diet.3-6 In particular, unhealthy diet is the leading risk factor for death and disability in Canada resulting in an estimated 64,000 deaths and over 1 million years of disability (DALYs) in 2010 alone.7 Worldwide, a staggering 11 million deaths and over 200 million DALYs were attributed to unhealthy eating in 2010.

scholarly journals Plant Foods, Antioxidant Biomarkers, and the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease, Cancer, and Mortality: A Review of the Evidence

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. S404-S421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dagfinn Aune
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Chronic Disease ◽  
Disease Prevention ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Whole Grains ◽  
Chronic Disease Prevention ◽  
Blood Concentrations ◽  
Plant Foods ◽  
All Cause Mortality ◽  
Meta Analyses

ABSTRACT Although a high intake of plant foods such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts, and legumes has been recommended for chronic disease prevention, it has been unclear what is the optimal amount of intake of these foods and whether specific subtypes are particularly beneficial. The evidence from several recently published meta-analyses on plant foods and antioxidants and various health outcomes is reviewed as well as more recently published studies. In meta-analyses of prospective studies, inverse associations were observed between intake of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and nuts and the risk of coronary artery disease, stroke, cardiovascular disease overall, total cancer, and all-cause mortality. The strongest reductions in risk were observed at an intake of 800 g/d for fruits and vegetables, 225 g/d for whole grains, and 15–20 g/d for nuts, respectively. Whole-grain and nut consumption was also inversely associated with mortality from respiratory disease, infections, and diabetes. Stronger and more linear inverse associations were observed between blood concentrations of antioxidants (vitamin C, carotenoids, vitamin E) and cardiovascular disease, cancer, and all-cause mortality than for dietary intake. Most studies that have since been published have been consistent with these results; however, further studies are needed on subtypes of plant foods and less common causes of death. These results strongly support dietary recommendations to increase intake of plant foods, and suggest optimal intakes for chronic disease prevention may be ∼800 g/d for intakes of fruits and vegetables, 225 g/d for whole grains, and 15–20 g/d for nuts. Diets high in plant foods could potentially prevent several million premature deaths each year if adopted globally.

scholarly journals A weighted patient network-based framework for predicting chronic diseases using graph neural networks

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Haohui Lu ◽  
Shahadat Uddin
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Neural Networks ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Chronic Disease ◽  
Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Disease Prediction ◽  
Chronic Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Graph Neural Networks

AbstractChronic disease prediction is a critical task in healthcare. Existing studies fulfil this requirement by employing machine learning techniques based on patient features, but they suffer from high dimensional data problems and a high level of bias. We propose a framework for predicting chronic disease based on Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) to address these issues. We begin by projecting a patient-disease bipartite graph to create a weighted patient network (WPN) that extracts the latent relationship among patients. We then use GNN-based techniques to build prediction models. These models use features extracted from WPN to create robust patient representations for chronic disease prediction. We compare the output of GNN-based models to machine learning methods by using cardiovascular disease and chronic pulmonary disease. The results show that our framework enhances the accuracy of chronic disease prediction. The model with attention mechanisms achieves an accuracy of 93.49% for cardiovascular disease prediction and 89.15% for chronic pulmonary disease prediction. Furthermore, the visualisation of the last hidden layers of GNN-based models shows the pattern for the two cohorts, demonstrating the discriminative strength of the framework. The proposed framework can help stakeholders improve health management systems for patients at risk of developing chronic diseases and conditions.

Diet and healthy ageing

2005 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 121-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brigid McKevith
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Chronic Disease ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Healthy Ageing ◽  
Dietary Quality ◽  
Normal Ageing ◽  
Dietary Components

In the future there will be more people aged 65 years and over ('older adults'). Although the exact mechanisms underlying normal ageing are not fully understood, ageing is generally associated with an increase in chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer and osteoporosis. It is becoming clear that it is possible to prevent, slow or reverse the onset of many these by modifying lifestyle factors such as diet. Studies of older adults in a range of countries have highlighted a number of areas in which dietary quality could be improved. It is important to identify dietary patterns in addition to specific dietary components that offer protection against chronic disease. The challenge in the area of diet and healthy ageing is twofold: first, there is a need to improve the diet of older adults; and second, as most chronic diseases begin earlier in life, there is a need to encourage other age groups to adapt their diet so they can enter old age in better health.

scholarly journals The impact of chronic disease and disability on the elderly

1999 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 9-14
Author(s):  
C. J. Eales
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Chronic Disease ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Health Care Systems ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Elderly Persons ◽  
Care Systems ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Impact

Health care systems for elderly people should aim to delay the onset of illness, reducing the final period of infirmity and illness to the shortest possible time. The most effective way to achieve this is by health education and preventative medicine to maintain mobility and function. Changes in life style even in late life may result in improved health, effectively decreasing the incidence of chronic diseases associated with advancing age. This paper presents the problems experienced by elderly persons with chronic diseases and disabilities with indications for meaningful therapeutic interventions.

scholarly journals Smoking, drinking, diet and physical activity—modifiable lifestyle risk factors and their associations with age to first chronic disease

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan Ng ◽  
Rinku Sutradhar ◽  
Zhan Yao ◽  
Walter P Wodchis ◽  
Laura C Rosella
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Chronic Disease ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Lifestyle Factors ◽  
Competing Risk ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Common Disease ◽  
Heavy Smoking ◽  
Lifestyle Risk Factors ◽  
Lifestyle Risk

AbstractBackgroundThis study examined the incidence of a person’s first diagnosis of a selected chronic disease, and the relationships between modifiable lifestyle risk factors and age to first of six chronic diseases.MethodsOntario respondents from 2001 to 2010 of the Canadian Community Health Survey were followed up with administrative data until 2014 for congestive heart failure, chronic obstructive respiratory disease, diabetes, lung cancer, myocardial infarction and stroke. By sex, the cumulative incidence function of age to first chronic disease was calculated for the six chronic diseases individually and compositely. The associations between modifiable lifestyle risk factors (alcohol, body mass index, smoking, diet, physical inactivity) and age to first chronic disease were estimated using cause-specific Cox proportional hazards models and Fine-Gray competing risk models.ResultsDiabetes was the most common disease. By age 70.5 years (2015 world life expectancy), 50.9% of females and 58.1% of males had at least one disease and few had a death free of the selected diseases (3.4% females; 5.4% males). Of the lifestyle factors, heavy smoking had the strongest association with the risk of experiencing at least one chronic disease (cause-specific hazard ratio = 3.86; 95% confidence interval = 3.46, 4.31). The lifestyle factors were modelled for each disease separately, and the associations varied by chronic disease and sex.ConclusionsWe found that most individuals will have at least one of the six chronic diseases before dying. This study provides a novel approach using competing risk methods to examine the incidence of chronic diseases relative to the life course and how their incidences are associated with lifestyle behaviours.

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